Table 3.

Outcomes in Focal vs. Control Nursing Environments by Patient Risk

N = 25,076 matched pairs Outcome	Overall Rate N = 25,076 pairs	Outcomes by Patient Risk Strata
		Lowest N = 5,015	Lower N = 5,015	Middle N = 5,016	Higher N = 5,015	Highest N = 5,015
30-day Mortality Rate (%)
Focal	4.8	0.2	0.7	1.8	4.2	17.3
Control	5.8	0.4	1.1	2.2	5.8	19.9
Difference in Mortality	−1.0d	−0.2	−0.3	−0.4	−1.6c	−2.6c
ICU Utilization Rate (%)
Focal	32.9	7.6	17.8	28.8	42.1	68.0
Control	42.9	12.5	26.4	41.2	57.2	77.0
Difference in ICU Use	−10.0d	−4.9d	−8.6d	−12.4d	−15.2d	−9.1d
LOS (mean, days)
Focal	8.7	2.8	5.6	7.9	10.9	16.3
Control	8.8	3.1	5.8	8.2	11.2	15.8
Difference in LOS	−0.1d	−0.2d	−0.2c	−0.3b	−0.3b	0.5
Comparative LOS % Δ	−1.1%	−7.9%	−2.6%	−3.6%	−2.5%	3.1%
30-day Cost ($, mean)
Focal	28,119	10,919	17,900	24,561	33,513	53,701
Control	28,045	10,935	17,463	24,691	34,375	52,760
Difference in Cost	74	−16	437	−130	−862	941
Comparative Cost % Δ	0.3%	−0.1%	2.5%	−0.5%	−2.5%	1.8%
30-day Cost without NTB Adjustment ($, mean)
Focal	26,747	10,383	16,865	23,145	31,732	51,608
Control	28,585	11,191	17,899	25,263	35,061	53,511
Difference in Cost	−1,839d	−808d	−1,034c	−2,118d	−3,329d	−1,904a
Comparative Cost % Δ	−6.4%	−7.2%	−5.8%	−8.4%	−9.5%	−3.6%

P-value Legend:

^aP < 0.05,

^bP < 0.01,

^cP < 0.001,

^dP < 0.0001.

P-values calculated using McNemar’s test for binary outcomes and the permutational t-test for continuous outcomes.