FIG. 14.

Three main types of nanopores used for DNA sequencing: biological pores inserted into a lipid bilayer; solid-state nanopores, drilled into thin membranes of silicon nitride, graphene, or other materials; and hybrid pores consisting of biological pores docked into solid-state pores, or DNA-origami pores, which can be docked both into a lipid bilayer or solid-state pore. Silicon nitride membranes are typically thicker than shown in the figure. Images courtesy of Aleksei Aksimentiev and Hendrik Dietz. Reproduced with permission from Muthukumar et al., Phys. Today 68, 40 (2015). Copyright 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.¹⁷⁵