Table 2.
Associations of clinical and imaging risk factors with absolute changes in LVEF, by cardiomyopathy etiology
| Ischemic (n = 104) | Non-ischemic (n = 98) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 * | Model 2 † | Model 1 * | Model 2 † | |||||
| β coefficient (95% CI) |
P- value |
β coefficient (95% CI) |
P- value |
β coefficient (95% CI) |
P- value |
β coefficient (95% CI) |
P- value |
|
| Age (per 10 years) |
1.7 (−0.3, 3.6) |
0.09 | 1.5 (−0.4, 3.4) |
0.11 | 0.2 (−2.4, 2.8) |
0.88 | 0.3 (−2.1, 2.7) |
0.80 |
| Men vs. women | 1.3 (−3.2, 5.9) |
0.56 | 1.2 (−3.1, 5.4) |
0.59 | 2.1 (−3.3, 7.6) |
0.44 | 4.3 (−1.8, 10.5) |
0.16 |
| AA vs. non-AA | 4.0 (−2.0, 9.9) |
0.19 | 4.9 (−0.4, 10.2) |
0.07 | 0.5 (−5.4, 6.4) |
0.87 | −0.4 (−6.4, 5.5) |
0.89 |
| CRT-D vs. ICD | −0.6 (−5.1, 3.9) |
0.79 | −0.5 (−4.6, 3.7) |
0.83 | 4.9 (−0.9, 10.6) |
0.10 | 5.7 (−0.4, 11.8) |
0.07 |
| Baseline LVEF (per SD) |
−6.4 (−8.3, − 4.5) |
<0.0 01 |
−6.9 (−8.7, −5.2) |
<0.0 01 |
−5.4 (−7.9, − 3.0) |
<0.0 01 |
−7.8 (−11.3, −4.3) |
<0.0 01 |
| NYHA III vs. NYHA I/I I |
−1.8 (−6.1, 2.6) |
0.42 | 3.7 (−2.4, 9.8) |
0.24 | ||||
| Atrial fibrillation | −1.1 (−6.2, 4.1) |
0.68 | −2.8 (−10.9, 5.2) |
0.49 | ||||
| Hypertension | −2.2 (−6.0, 1.6) |
0.25 | 1.7 (−4.5, 7.8) |
0.59 | ||||
| Diabetes | −2.2 (−5.9, 1.4) |
0.22 | 5.1 (−5.5, 15.7) |
0.34 | ||||
| NT-proBNP | ||||||||
| Tertile 1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
| Tertile 2 | −4.8 (−8.8, − 0.7) |
0.02 | −4.4 (−8.5, −0.3) |
0.03 | 0.1 (−6.3, 6.6) |
0.97 | ||
| Tertile 3 | −6.1 (−10.6, −1.6) |
0.01 | −5.0 (−9.6, −0.4) |
0.03 | −3.2 (−10.2, 3.9) |
0.37 | ||
| hsCRP | ||||||||
| Tertile 1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
| Tertile 2 | −2.6 (−6.9, 1.7) |
0.23 | −0.8 (−7.2, 5.7) |
0.82 | 0.9 (−4.8, 6.6) |
0.75 | ||
| Tertile 3 | −3.2 (−7.8, 1.4) |
0.17 | −8.2 (−15.7,− 0.7) |
0.03 | −5.1 (−13.4, 3.2) |
0.23 | ||
| Medications | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Aspirin | 1.8 (−4.7, 8.3) |
0.59 | −1.3 (−7.9, 5.3) |
0.69 | ||||
| Beta-blocker | −1.2 (−8.2, 5.8) |
0.73 | 5.1 (−1.7, 11.8) |
0.14 | ||||
| ACE-I/ARB | 0.3 (−3.8, 4.3) |
0.89 | −2.1 (−12.9, 8.8) |
0.71 | ||||
| Spironolactone | −2.1 (−6.1, 1.9) |
0.30 | −6.2 (−11.7,− 0.7) |
0.03 | −3.3 (−9.4, 2.9) |
0.29 | ||
| Diuretics | 0.7 (−2.6, 4.1) |
0.66 | −4.3 (−10.1, 1.5) |
0.15 | ||||
| LVEDV‡ (per SD) |
−1.6 (−3.3, 0.2) |
0.08 | −4.2 (−7.9, − 0.6) |
0.02 | −2.1 (−6.1, 2.0) |
0.31 | ||
| LV mass (per SD) |
−0.8 (−2.5, 0.9) |
0.35 | 0.3 (−3.4, 4.0) |
0.88 | ||||
| GZ | ||||||||
| Etiology- specific tertile 1 |
Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Etiology- specific tertile 2 |
−3.1 (−7.5, 1.3) |
0.16 | −3.1 (−7.4, 1.2) |
0.16 | ||||
| Etiology- specific tertile 3 |
−6.6 (−10.6, −2.7) |
0.00 1 |
−5.6 (−9.8, −1.5) |
0.01 | ||||
| Core scar | ||||||||
| Etiology- specific tertile 1 |
Reference | |||||||
| Etiology- specific tertile 2 |
−1.5 (−5.6, 2.7) |
0.49 | ||||||
| Etiology- specific tertile 3 |
−0.8 (−5.6, 4.0) |
0.74 | ||||||
| Total scar | ||||||||
| Etiology- specific tertile 1 |
Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
| Etiology- specific tertile 2 |
−2.1 (−6.7, 2.5) |
0.38 | −2.8 (−9.3, 3.6) |
0.38 | −4.3 (−10.3, 1.8) |
0.17 | ||
| Etiology- specific tertile 3 |
−6.6 (−10.6, −2.6) |
0.00 1 |
−10.1 (−18.3, −1.9) |
0.02 | −8.9 (−16.8, −1.0) |
0.03 | ||
*
Model 1: Adjusted for age, sex, race, and baseline LVEF.
†
Model 2: Model 1 + all risk factors that were statistically significant in Model 1. Due to the high correlation among the 3 CMR scar variables, only the variable presenting the strongest association in model 1 was entered in model 2.
‡
Because of collinearity between EDV and ESV, only EDV, which had the stronger association, was retained in the models.
AA: African-American; LVEDV: left ventricular end-diastolic volume; hsCRP: high sensitivity C-reactive protein.