Table 4.
Characteristics of patients with circulatory failure vs. others
| Characteristic | Patients with circulatory failure (N=98) |
Patients with other mode of death (N=93) |
p‡ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Patient/Pre-operative | |||
| Age | 0.41 | ||
| Neonate (0–30 days) | 60 (61%) | 50 (54%) | |
| Infant (1 month – 1 year) | 25 (26%) | 32 (34%) | |
| Child (1 – 18 years) | 13 (1413%) | 11 (12%) | |
| Weight for age z-score | 0.07 | ||
| < −2 | 36 (37%) | 56 (60%) | |
| −2 to +2 | 60 (61%) | 47 (51%) | |
| >2 | 2 (2%) | 0 | |
| Hospital | 0.03 | ||
| Philadelphia | 41 (42%) | 54 (58%) | |
| Michigan | 57 (58%) | 39 (42%) | |
| Non-cardiac abnormalities | |||
| Genetic abnormality | 8 (8%) | 10 (11%) | 0.54 |
| Extracardiac anomaly | 15 (15%) | 20 (22%) | 0.27 |
| Syndrome | 18 (18%) | 21 (23%) | 0.45 |
| Prematurity (<39 wks) if neonate | 37/60 (62%) | 34/50 (68%) | 0.40 |
| Pre-operative risk factors | |||
| Cardiac arrest | 1 (1%) | 3 (3%) | 0.36 |
| Pre-operative MCS | 0 | 2 (2%) | 0.24 |
| Shock at surgery | 0 | 1 (1%) | 0.49 |
| Shock, resolved | 5 (5%) | 5 (5%) | 1.00 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 25(25%) | 26 (28%) | 0.70 |
| Previous cardiothoracic surgery | 18 (18%) | 20 (22%) | 0.56 |
| Pre-operative non-surgical intervention during hospitalization | 14 (14%) | 24 (26%) | 0.046 |
| Operative | |||
| STAT category | 0.70 | ||
| 1–3 | 27 (28%) | 28 (30%) | |
| 4–5 and unassigned | 71 (72%) | 65 (70%) | |
| Primary procedure (groups) | 0.35 | ||
| Single ventricle, arch | 26 (27%) | 17 (18%) | |
| Single ventricle, no arch | 14 (14%) | 20 (21%) | |
| Two ventricle, arch | 6 (6%) | 8 (9%) | |
| Two ventricle, no arch | 52 (53%) | 48 (52%) | |
| Cardiopulmonary bypass time, minutes | 130 (91–196) | 91 (71–119) | <0.0001 |
‡
Chi-square/fisher’s exact for categorical; Wilcoxon rank-sum for continuous
MCS, mechanical circulatory support; STAT, Society of Thoracic Surgeons-European Association for Cardiothoracic Surgery