Table 2.

In vitro and in vivo renal cell models demonstrating the potential involvement of miRNAs in development of diabetic kidney disease

miRNA	Species	Specimen	miRNA expression	Mechanism of action	Ref.
miR-192	Mice/Rat	M, Te, KT	Inconsistent results	Interaction with TGFβ-associated and other pro-fibrotic genes	[94-96]
	Human	Te, KT	Reduced		[97]
miR-216a	Mice	M, KT	Elevated		[98]
miR-377	Mice	M, KT	Elevated		[99]
	Human	M
miR-29c	Mice	P, KT	Elevated		[100]
miR-200b/c	Mice	M, KT	Elevated		[101]
miR-21	Mice	KT	Elevated		[102]
	Human	Te
miR-1207-5p	Human	P, M, Te	Elevated		[103]
miR-200a	Rat	Te	Reduced		[104]
	Mice	KT
miR-23b	Mice	KT	Reduced		[105]
	Human	Te, HEK-293A
miR-93	Mice	P, En, KT	Reduced	Regulation of VEGF expression	[106]
miR-25	Rat	M, KT	Reduced	Regulation of NOX4 expression	[107]
miR-451	Mice	M, KT	Reduced	Targeting YwhaZ and p38 MAPK signaling pathways	[108]

M: Mesangial cells; Te: Tubular epithelial cells; KT: Kidney tissue; P: Podocytes; En: Endothelial cells; TGFβ: Transforming growth factor β; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; NOX4: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen oxidase 4; YwhaZ: Tyrosine3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, zeta; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; HEK-293A: Human Embryonic Kidney-293A cells.