Table 1. Basic characteristics of the included studies.
| Authors [year] | Language | Patients’ origin | Study design | Study period | No. of samples | Mean age (years) | Operative modes | Onset, days (mean, range) | NOS | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | COPD | BPF | PN | LB | Others | ||||||||
| Algar et al. [2001] (21) | English | Spain | ROS | 1986–1997 | 242 | 127 | 13 | 60.0 | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | 11.0±8.0 | 8 |
| Hu et al. [2013] (22) | English | China | ROS | 1995–2012 | 684 | 240 | 30 | 57.0 | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | NI | 8 |
| Lindner et al. [2010] (23) | English | Germany | ROS | 2000–2007 | 243 | 103 | 13 | 62.2 | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | NI | 8 |
| Panagopoulos et al. [2009] (24) | English | Greece | ROS | 1999–2005 | 221 | 28 | 5 | 62.4 | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | 26.6 [7–70] | 8 |
| Sekine et al. [2002] (2) | English | USA | ROS | 1992–1997 | 244 | 78 | 5 | 64.1 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NI | 7 |
| Sekine et al. [2013] (6) | English | Japan | ROS | 1990–2005 | 1461 | 363 | 27 | 63.9 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NI | 7 |
| Stolz et al. [2014] (25) | English | Czech | ROS | 1998–2012 | 329 | 63 | 12 | 55.8 | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | 9.5 [2–140] | 9 |
| Yena et al. [2006] (26) | French | France | ROS | 1989–2003 | 725 | 125 | 58 | 61.0 | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | NI | 9 |
BPF, bronchopleural fistula; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; LB, lobectomy; NI, no information; NOS, Newcastle-Ottawa Scale; PN, pneumonectomy; ROS, retrospective observational study.