. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jul 25.

Published in final edited form as: Cellulose (Lond). 2016 Apr 28;23(3):1763–1775. doi: 10.1007/s10570-016-0947-5

Table 1.

Description of the various surface chemistries investigated, the surface charge of each ligand and the source of the cellulose used for synthesis

Material	Surface chemical modification	Surface ligand charge	Cellulose source material
CNC-Carb	Carboxylated	Anionic	Wood Pulp
CNC-Taur	Taurine	Anionic	Cotton
CNC-Sulf	Sulfated	Anionic	Kraft Pulp
CNC-AEE	Ethoxyethanol	Neutral	Cotton
CNC-Hex	Hexamethylenediamine	Neutral	Cotton
CNC-Ethyl	Ethylenediamine	Neutral	Wood Pulp
CNC-GMAC	Glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride	Cationic	Cotton
CNC-Rhod	Rhodamine B	Cationic	Cotton
CNF-FPL-T^a	Carboxylated	Anionic	Kraft Pulp
CNF-FPL-H^b	None	–	Kraft Pulp
CNF-Maine^c	None	–	Wood Pulp

Synthesized by forest products laboratory via TEMPO-oxidation

Synthesized by forest products laboratory via mechanical homogenization

Manufactured by University of Maine Pilot Plant by mechanical homogenization