Table 7. Comprehensive Diabetes Care Treatment Goals.

Parameter	Treatment goal	Reference (evidence level and study design)
Glucose
A1C, %	Individualize on the basis of age, comorbidities, duration of disease; in general ≤6.5 for most; closer to normal for healthy; less stringent for “less healthy”	(4 [EL 4; NE])
FPG, mg/dL	<110
2-h PPG, mg/dL	<140
Inpatient hyperglycemia:  glucose, mg/dL	140-180	(5 [EL 4; consensus NE])
Blood pressure	Individualize on the basis of age, comorbidities, and duration of disease, with general target of:	(6 [EL 4; NE])
Systolic, mm Hg	~130
Diastolic, mm Hg	~80
Lipids
LCL-C, mg/dL	<100, moderate risk <70, high risk	(4 [EL 4; NE])
Non-HDL-C, mg/dL	<130, moderate risk <100, high risk
Triglycerides, mg/dL	<150
TC/HDL-C ratio	<3.5, moderate risk <3.0, high risk
ApoB, mg/dL	<90, moderate risk <80, high risk
LDL particles	<1,200 moderate risk <1,000 high risk
Weight
Weight loss	Reduce weight by at least 5 to 10%; avoid weight gain	(4 [EL 4; NE])
Anticoagulant therapy
Aspirin	For secondary CVD prevention or primary prevention for patients at very high riska	(7 [EL 1; MRCT but small sample sizes and event rates]; 8 [EL 1; MRCT]; 9 [EL 1; MRCT]; 10 [EL 2; PCS])

Abbreviations: ApoB = apolipoprotein B; BEL = best evidence level; CVD = cardiovascular disease; DM = diabetes mellitus; EL = evidence level; FPG = fasting plasma glucose; HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; IFG = impaired fasting glucose; IGT = impaired glucose tolerance; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; MRCT = meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials; NE = no evidence (theory, opinion, consensus, review, or preclinical study); PCS = prospective cohort study; PPG = postprandial glucose; TC = total cholesterol.

^aHigh risk, DM without cardiovascular disease; very high risk, DM plus CVD.