FIG 2.

Biofilm formation is modulated by temperature. (A) Analysis of biofilm gene expression in response to a low-temperature shift by qRT-PCR. Error bars indicate standard deviations of the results from three biological replicates. All genes exhibited a statistically significant difference between 15°C and 37°C (P < 0.05). (B) Three-dimensional biofilm structures of wild-type V. cholerae and the ΔaphA, ΔvpsR, and ΔvpsT mutants formed at 37°C, 25°C, and 15°C after 24 h of incubation. Images shown are from one representative experiment of three independent experiments. The scale bars represent 40 μm.