Table 1.
n=11,623 | Quartile of PM10 exposure (µg/m3) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
15.3–25.2 | 25.2–29.4 | 29.4–36.3 | 36.3–83.4 | |
Age – % | ||||
17–29 years | 27 | 25 | 27 | 28 |
30–44 years | 36 | 31 | 36 | 37 |
45–64 years | 21 | 27 | 27 | 22 |
65–90 years | 16 | 17 | 11 | 13 |
Sex – % | ||||
Female | 52 | 54 | 53 | 49 |
Race – % | ||||
Non-Hispanic white | 80 | 69 | 70 | 68 |
non-Hispanic black | 8 | 17 | 15 | 10 |
Mexican-American | 5 | 5 | 3 | 10 |
Other | 7 | 10 | 12 | 12 |
Smoking status – % | ||||
Current | 25 | 25 | 27 | 30 |
Former | 26 | 24 | 24 | 26 |
Never | 49 | 51 | 49 | 44 |
BMI (kg/m2) – % | ||||
Underweight (<18·5) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2 |
Normal weight (18·5–24·9) | 42 | 45 | 46 | 46 |
Overweight (25·0–9·9) | 33 | 32 | 29 | 32 |
Obesity (30·0–34·9) | 14 | 15 | 14 | 14 |
Morbid obesity (> 35·0) | 9 | 6 | 8 | 6 |
Unknown | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 |
Educational attainment,% | ||||
< 12 years | 22 | 26 | 23 | 24 |
12 years | 33 | 31 | 30 | 31 |
13–14 years | 16 | 16 | 19 | 18 |
15–17 years | 28 | 27 | 28 | 26 |
Unknown | <1 | <1 | 1 | 1 |
Alcohol,% | ||||
Never drinker | 11 | 11 | 13 | 11 |
Marital status, % | ||||
Currently married | 66 | 57 | 62 | 62 |
Socioeconomic status, % | ||||
Below poverty threshold | 12 | 15 | 11 | 13 |
Region, % | ||||
Northeast | 31 | 29 | 20 | 12 |
Midwest | 19 | 12 | 23 | 28 |
South | 33 | 42 | 31 | 6 |
West | 17 | 17 | 25 | 54 |
In urban/rural county, % | ||||
Urban | 42 | 73 | 69 | 77 |
Duration in city/area, % | ||||
< 1 year (or unknown) | 6 | 8 | 7 | 6 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL | 135.3 ± 95.8 | 136.3 ± 96.9 | 134.9 ± 106.3 | 144.1 ± 118.3 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 201.0 ± 42.5 | 201.1 ± 41.2 | 200.0 ± 45.1 | 202.2 ± 43.8 |
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 125.5 ± 38.8 | 125.1 ± 36.5 | 123.8 ± 37.3 | 128.2 ± 37.5 |
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 50.7 ± 15.5 | 51.5 ± 14.8 | 50.9 ± 15.4 | 51.1 ± 15.3 |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 120.7 ± 17.2 | 122.0 ± 18.4 | 120.3 ± 16.6 | 120.6 ± 16.4 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 74.0 ± 10.0 | 72.9 ± 10.1 | 74.1 ± 10.2 | 73.2 ± 9.8 |
Pulse pressure, mm Hg | 46.7 ± 14.9 | 49.1 ± 15.0 | 46.2 ± 13.5 | 47.4 ± 14.2 |
Portion of study population with high risk levels of outcome variablesa – % | ||||
Hypertriglyceridemia | 16 | 15 | 14 | 18 |
Hypercholesterolemia | 18 | 17 | 17 | 17 |
High LDL cholesterol | 19 | 16 | 14 | 16 |
Low HDL cholesterol | 38 | 33 | 39 | 39 |
Hypertension | 17 | 17 | 15 | 15 |
Abbreviations: PM10 = particulate matter <10µm in aerodynamic diameter; BMI = body mass index; CRP = C-reactive protein; LDL = low density lipoprotein; HDL = high density lipoprotein.
High risk levels of outcome variables were defined according to American Heart Association guidelines; hypertriglyceridemia was defined as triglycerides ≥ 200 mg/dL, hypercholesterolemia was defined as total cholesterol ≥ 240 mg/dL, high LDL cholesterol was defined as LDL cholesterol ≥ 160 mg/dL, low HDL cholesterol was defined as HDL cholesterol < 40 mg/dL (males) or < 50 mg/dL (females), and hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg.