FIG 9 .

Model of the role of RipAY in the plant-R. solanacearum interaction. R. solanacearum injects the RipAY effector into host plant cells via the Hrp type III secretion system in the early stage of infection. RipAY is activated by plant cytosolic thioredoxins and degrades GSH, resulting in the suppression of plant PTI responses. On the other hand, RipAY is maintained as an inactive form and does not degrade GSH in bacterial cells, enabling R. solanacearum to protect itself from various oxidative and toxic stresses in plants through its GSH-mediated stress tolerance systems. 5-OP, 5-oxoproline.