Table 1. Summary of launch parameters of the identified shooting mechanisms in fungi.

For the projectile mass, launch velocity, launch acceleration, launch distance, and launch angle, the measurement technique is coded as following: Standard = measured using a high-speed video camera. Bold = calculated by referred authors using measured launch parameters. Italics = manual measurement of the parameter (e.g. from photograph stills, without the use of a high-speed video camera). Standard* = estimated by us from data/figure in indicated reference(s); for the power output per unit mass the launch acceleration [m/s²] is multiplied with the launch velocity [m/s] and for the work per unit mass the power output [W/kg] is integrated over the launch duration [s]. The launch parameters are indicated as mean (± standard deviation), peak (indicated with “peak” behind the value), or a range (minimum value–maximum value). Per launch parameter, the peak value identified in this review is indicated by a double-lined box (with the exception of the launch angle).

Fungi	Projectile mass [mg]	Launch acceleration [g]	Launch velocity [m/s]	Launch distance [m]	Launch angle [°]	Power output [W/kg]	Launch duration [ms]	Work [J/kg]
Osmosis: Water Condensation
Elastic Energy Storage—Fracture Release Mechanism
Momentum Catapult
Basidiomycota [32]
Aleurodiscus gigasporus [34]	0.017	-	0.53	0.0018 peak	-	-a	-	-
Auricularia auricula [38,40]	0.37·10−6	3,302–12,000	1.23 (0.87–1.62)	45·10−5 ± 2·10−5	-	2.8·104–1.45·105*	0.01	0.28–1.45*
Itersonilia perplexans [35,38]	1.5·10−6 b	~ 25,484	0.67c	1·10−3	75*	1.64·105*	< 0.01*	< 1.64*
Hyphodontia latitans [34]	0.6·10−9	-	1.05	4·10−6 peak	-	-a	-	-
Gymnosporangium juniper—virginianae [40]	0.003	-	1.11 (0.66–1.35)	13·10−4 ± 6·10−5	-	-	-	-
Osmosis: Water Absorption
Elastic Energy Storage—Fracture Release Mechanism
Fluid Pressure Catapult [56]	1·10−9–2·10−3
Ascomycota
Ascobolus immersus [10,41,56]	0.001	183,486 peak	14d (5–18)	0.3 peak	-	3.24·107 peak*	< 0.06*	< 1,944*
Gibberella zeae [10,43,50]	0.2·10−6	870,000	34.5	2.8·10−3–8.5·10−3	-	2.94·108*	-	-
Neurospora tetrasperma [45]	-	-	1.24 (1.80 peak*)	-	60*	-	-	-
Podospora anserina [41]	-	152,905 peak	21d (10–25)	0.2 peak	-	3.74·107 peak*	< 0.096*	<3,590*
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum [46]	-	-	8.4	0.01	90*	-	-	-
Glomerobolus gelineus [52]	-	-	-	0.33 peak	-	-	-	-
Zygomycota
Pilobolus
Pilobolus kleinii [8,10,41,50,53–55]	-	21,407 peak	9d (2–16)	2.5 peak	70–90*	3.36·106 peak*	0.01–0.03	112.2 peak*
Basidiobolus
Basidiobolus ranarum [41,56]	-	152,905 peak	4d (2–9)	0.02 peak	-	1.35·107 peak*	< 0.024*	< 324*
Elastic Energy Storage—Eversion Release Mechanism
Osmotic-powered Eversion Catapult
Basidiomycota
Sphaerobolus [9,10,59]	-	-	10 peak	6 peak	90*	- e	-	-
Osmosis: Water Evaporation
Elastic Energy Storage—Cavitation Release Mechanism
Cavitation Coiling Catapult
Ascomycota
Deightoniella torulosa [60]	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Zygophiala jamaicensis [61]	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Curvularia
Curvularia lunata [61]	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Curvularia geniculate [61]	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Memnoniella subsimplex [61]	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Corynespora cassiicola [61]	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Alternaria tenuis [61]	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Basidiomycota	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

^a Additional information Aleurodiscus gigasporus and Hyphodontia latitans:

- A. gigasporus: available surface tension energy 2.9·10⁻¹¹ J, energy to break connection 1.6·10⁻¹⁴ J, proportion of total energy consumed in fracture 0.1%, kinetic energy of launch 2.7·10⁻¹² J (9.3%).

- H. latitans: available surface tension energy 2.6·10⁻¹⁴ J, energy to break connection 1.6·10⁻¹⁴ J, proportion of total energy consumed in fracture 61.5%, kinetic energy of launch 3.4·10⁻¹⁶ J (3.4%).

^b spore mass 8.4·10⁻¹³ kg [35]

^c Total momentum of drop and spore of approximately 2.4·10⁻¹² kg·m/s [35]

^d Median value [41]

^e The power required for gleba discharge is approximately 0.1 W [59].