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. 2016 Jul 21;119(3):450–462. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.308870

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© 2016 The Authors.

Circulation Research is published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wolters Kluwer. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 4. — twist promoted intersegmental vessel sprouting in zebrafish embryos. A, The expression of twist1a, twist1b, and twist2 was studied at 24 to 75 hours post fertilization (hpf) by qPCR of the trunk and tail of embryos. Data were pooled from n≥15 embryos studied in 3 independent experiments and mean values±SEs are shown. B, The expression of twist1a, twist1b, and twist2 was studied at 24 and 52 hpf by in situ hybridization. Data are representative of the majority of embryos analyzed (proportion indicated lower right of each part) and were closely similar in at least 3 independent experiments. Higher magnification insets are shown (marked in top). Bar=100 µm. C, Zebrafish embryos (wild-type, Tg(fli1:EGFP), or Tg(kdrl:NLS-EGFP)) were treated with twist1b mRNA (to enforce expression) or treated with mCherry mRNA as a control. They were studied at 24 to 27 hpf using confocal microscopy to visualize endothelial cell (EC) nuclei (Tg(kdrl:NLS-EGFP); top) or angiogenic sprouts (Tg(fli1:EGFP); bottom; arrows). Representative images are shown. Cell numbers and the length of intersegmental vessels (ISVs; third to fifth vessels in the field view) were quantified in multiple embryos, and mean values±SEM are shown (right). D, The twist1b coding sequence was mutated by introduction of a 4 bp deletion causing a frameshift and premature stop (mutant allele designated twist1b^sh423). twist1b^sh423/+ Tg(fli1:EGFP) fish were incrossed, and embryos were treated with a morpholino directed against twist1a. Sprouting of ISV was assessed at 34 hpf. Embryos were classified into those that displayed minimal sprouting (severe phenotype) and those with intermediate levels of sprouting (mild phenotype). Genotyping was subsequently performed, and the proportion of twist1b homozygous mutants (twist1b^sh423/sh423) and twist1b homozygous wild-types (twist1b^+/+) in the severe phenotype group was calculated (% indicated). Representative images are shown. Data were closely similar in 3 independent experiments. ***P<0.001 and **P<0.01 using a 1-way ANOVA (A) or unpaired t test (C and D). CVP indicates caudal vein plexus.