Table 1.

Proteins implicated in the molecular control of Mg²⁺ homeostasis^a

Protein	Gene	Localization	Function	Associated Human Disease	Reference
Claudin-16/paracellin-1	CLDN16	TAL, tight junction	Permissive of paracellular permeability	FHHNC	41–44,53
Claudin-19	CLDN19	TAL, tight junction	Permissive of paracellular permeability	FHHNC	49,50,53
NCC	SLC12A3	DCT, apical membrane	Sodium chloride co-transporter	Gitelman syndrome	54,55
TRPM6	TRPM6	DCT, apical membrane, colon, lung	Selective Mg2+ channel, apical entry in transcellular transport	HSH	17–23
Na,K-ATPase γ-subunit	FXYD2	PT, MD/DCT, ?TAL, medulla	Alters kinetics of Na+ and K+ exchange	Isolated dominant hypomagnesemia	76–80,82
EGF	EGF	Adrenal, brain, heart, kidney (DCT), salivary gland, spleen, thymus, intestine, thyroid, and uterus	Increases TRPM6 activity	Isolated recessive hypomagnesemia	87

^aThe gene name, renal localization, function, and associated human disease of proteins known to be involved in the molecular control of Mg²⁺ homeostasis.

PT, proximal tubule.