Table 2.

Effects of benfuracarb pesticide on mitotic index and mitotic phases of Allium cepa root meristematic cells

Concentration (ppm)	Time (h)	Counted cell number	Mitotic index (MI) ± SD*	Mitotic phases (%) ± SD
				Prophase	Metaphase	Anaphase	Telophase
Negative control (1 % DMSO)	24	5,039	85.26 ± 5.29	82.20 ± 6.16	1.07 ± 0.41	1.05 ± 0.32	0.93 ± 0.32
Positive control (10 ppm MMS)		4,839	42.35 ± 7.36*	39.76 ± 4.18	1.05 ± 0.21	0.79 ± 0.19	0.75 ± 0.24
37.5		4,921	34.72 ± 8.89*	32.43 ± 3.16	0.90 ± 0.12	0.70 ± 0.26	0.69 ± 0.13
75		5,131	28.93 ± 3.91*	26.82 ± 2.98	0.86 ± 0.10	0.69 ± 0.42	0.66 ± 0.35
150		5,053	24.79 ± 5.19*	22.89 ± 3.01	0.67 ± 0.23	0.59 ± 0.21	0.65 ± 0.26
Negative control (1 % DMSO)	48	5,092	81.81 ± 4.89	78.98 ± 6.24	1.00 ± 0.15	1.01 ± 0.13	0.82 ± 0.29
Positive control (10 ppm MMS)		5,073	36.16 ± 5.16*	33.05 ± 5.12	0.96 ± 0.21	0.77 ± 0.22	0.77 ± 0.36
37.5		5,229	24.94 ± 3.78*	22.88 ± 4.56	0.81 ± 0.08	0.69 ± 0.28	0.56 ± 0.06
75		5,112	21.52 ± 5.12*	19.92 ± 2.54	0.72 ± 0.24	0.64 ± 0.31	0.24 ± 0.08
150		5,202	20.24 ± 4.02*	18.91 ± 2.21	0.56 ± 0.22	0.54 ± 0.25	0.23 ± 0.11
Negative control (1 % DMSO)	72	5,219	79.88 ± 6.84	77.24 ± 6.11	0.87 ± 0.18	0.98 ± 0.12	0.79 ± 0.36
Positive control (10 ppm MMS)		5,333	32.12 ± 3.45*	29.86 ± 3.23	0.85 ± 0.22	0.70 ± 0.41	0.71 ± 0.30
37.5		5,224	19.12 ± 2.56*	17.33 ± 3.64	0.76 ± 0.07	0.52 ± 0.20	0.47 ± 0.0
75		5,045	18.51 ± 2.88*	17.22 ± 2.10	0.56 ± 0.09	0.51 ± 0.24	0.22 ± 0.09
150		5,091	17.11 ± 1.95*	16.00 ± 1.77	0.43 ± 0.14	0.49 ± 0.16	0.18 ± 0.08

SD standard deviation, DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide, MMS methyl methanesulfonate

* Means difference is significant at the level of 0.05 (Dunnett’s t test, 2-sided)