Simulated and experimental time courses of viable cell density and viable cell number during various seed train configurations for AGE1.HNAAT cell line. These configurations are: seed train conducted based on passaging at the points in time calculated using maximum and minimum Space–Time–Yield (STY) (compare Eq. 14) (=triangles) as well as the corresponding simulation (=line); seed train conducted based on passaging at the points in time calculated using maximum STY (=crosses) as well as the corresponding simulation (=dotted line); seed train conducted according to the manually designed procedure (=rhombs). The seed train steps are: (1) culture tube (0.01 L), (2) shake flask (0.035 L), (3) shake flask (0.13 L), (4) Vario 1000 (0.35 L), (5) VSF 2000 (1 L), (6) Labfors 5 Cell (2.5 L)