Fig. 5. Intraoperative schematic of eliciting and recording of corticobulbar motor-evoked potentials (CoMEPs). Lower left: schematic of positioning the stimulating electrode over the scalp. Upper left: schematic of the corticobulbar pathways innervating CMN (cranial nerves VII, IX, X, and XII). Middle: positioning the recording electrodes inserted in the orbicularis oris, pharyngeal, tongue, and vocal muscles (cranial nerves VII, IX, XII, and X, respectively) to monitor CoMEPs. To the right: typical examples of CoMEPs recorded from muscles innervated by cranial motor nerves.
