Table 3.
Correlated microbes and metabolites to diseases and the relative metabolomic platforms.
| Disease | Biofluids | Correlated microbes | Correlated metabolites | Platforms | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IBD/IBS | Feces Urine | Actinobacteria, Firmicutes (Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Clostridium clusters XIVa and IV), Proteobacteria (Escherichia coli) | IBS: hydrogen and esters; IBD: alcohols, esters, indoles, phenols, acetone, sulfur compounds, propanoic and butanoic acids, phenol and p-cresol, hippurate; CD: tyrosine, dopamine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, isoleucine, leucine, lysisne, bile acid (i.e., glycocholate); UC: cadaverine and taurine | SPME-GC-MS; Breath gas analyzer; 1H-NMR; FT-ICR-MS | Best and Laposata, 2003; Marchesi et al., 2007; Jansson et al., 2009; Kumar et al., 2010; Ahmed et al., 2013; Stephens et al., 2013; Walton et al., 2013; Bjerrum et al., 2015; De Preter, 2015; De Preter et al., 2015 |
| Obesity | Urine Serum | Firmicutes (Clostridium spp), Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Bifidobacterium spp. | hippurate, 4-hydroxylphenylacetic acid, phenylacetylglycine, FFA, BCAA, primary bile acids (i.e., cholic, chenodeoxycholic acid), secondary bile acids (i.e., lithocholic acid) | 1H-NMR; LC-ESI-Q-TOF | Veselkov et al., 2009; Respondek et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2015; Paul et al., 2016 |
| Cystic fibrosis (CF) | Breath condensate | Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clostridium clusters XIVa and IV, Clostridium acetobutylicum, F. prausnitzii, Eubacterium limnosum, Eubacterium biforme, E coli, Bifodobacterium spp. | C5–C16 hydrocarbons and N-methyl-2-methylpropylamine ethanol, methanol, acetate, 2-propanol, lactate, dimethyl sulfide and acetone | 1H-NMR; GC-TOF-MS | Wang et al., 2006; Robroeks et al., 2010; Montuschi et al., 2012; Scalan et al., 2012; Schippa et al., 2013 |
| Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) | Feces | Oscillospira, Rickenellaceae, Parabacteroides, Bacteroides fragilis, Sutterella, Lachanospiraceae | ethanol, esters (i.e., ethyl propionate, methyl pentanoate, methyl acetate), 4-Methyl-2-pentanone, 1-butanol and 2-butanoate | SPME-GC-MS | Raman et al., 2013; Del Chierico et al., 2016 |
| Celiac Disease | Feces Serum Urine | Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Bifidobacteria, Bacteroides, Staphylococcus, Salmonella, Shighella, Klebsiella | acetoacetate, glucose and 3-hydroxybutyric acid, indoxyl sulfate, meta-[hydroxyphenyl] propionic acid, and phenylacetylglycine, 1-octen-3-ol, ethanol and 1-propanol, AAs (i.e., proline, methionine, histidine, and tryptophan, isoleucine, asparagine, valine, creatinine), choline, lactate, methylamine, non-anal, 4-Methyl-2-hexanone, ethyl acetate and pyruvate | Breath gas analyzer; GC-TOF-MS; NMR | Cani et al., 2008; Di Cagno et al., 2011; Calabrò et al., 2014; Francavilla et al., 2014 |
| Food allergies | Feces | Bifidobacteria, Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB), Bacteroides, Clostridia | SCFAs (i.e., butyric and acetic acid), lactic acid and threonine | GC-MS; NMR | Francavilla et al., 2012 |
| Neuropathology | Feces Serum | Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcus, Clostridium, Lachnospiraceae, Eubacteriaceae, Bacteroidetes, Alistipes, Akkermansia, Sutterellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Bifidobacterium | tryptophan–nicotinic acid, sulfur metabolic pathways, indolepyruvate, p-cresol and ethyl sulfate | LC-MS; GC-MS; SPME-GC-MS | Kidd, 2002; Oresic et al., 2008; De Angelis et al., 2013; Hsiao et al., 2013 |