Table 3. Undifferentiated glial cells and postmortem schizophrenia brain.
| Author | Brain bank | n | Sex (m/f) | Age | Death from suicide | Brain region | Technique | Inflammatory markers | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beasley et al.129 | SFNC | scz 15 ctr 15 | scz 9/6 ctr 9/6 | scz 44 ctr 48 | scz 4 | Planum temporal | Cresyl violet | Glia | ↔ |
| Beasley et al.107 | SFNC | scz 15 ctr 15 | scz 9/6 ctr 9/6 | scz 44 ctr 48 | scz 4 | Planum temporal | Cresyl violet | Glia | ↓ |
| Beckmann and Lauer133 | WBC | scz 9 ctr 9 | scz 9/0 ctr 9/0 | scz 55 ctr 52 | scz 1 | ST, PU, NAS, CT | Gallocyanin | Glia | ↔ |
| Benes et al.110 | HBTRC | scz 10 ctr 10 | NA | scz 60 ctr 66 | scz 1 | PFC (BA10)#, motor cortex (BA4)*, cingulate cortex (BA24)# | Cresyl violet | Glia | ↓* (only layer III) ↔# |
| Benes et al.125 | HBTRC | scz 9 scz+md 9 ctr 12 | NA | scz 53 scz+md 49 ctr 59 | NA | PFC (BA10), ACC (BA24) | Cresyl violet | Glia | ↔ |
| Benes et al.123 | HBTRC | scz 11 ctr 12 | scz 7/4 ctr 7/5 | scz 52 ctr 58 | scz 5 | ACC (BA24) | Cresyl violet | Glia | ↔ |
| Bezchlibnyk et al.112 | SFNC | scz 13 ctr 15 | scz 8/5 ctr 9/6 | scz 47 ctr 48 | NA | AG | Nissl | Glia | ↔ |
| Bogerts et al.130 | VIBR | scz 6 ctr 9 | scz 2/6 ctr 5/4 | scz 51 scz 43 | NA | SN | Cresyl violet | Glia | ↔ (reduction in size) |
| Brauch et al.106 | SNFC | scz 13 ctr 14 | NA | scz 46 ctr 47 | NA | TC | Cresyl violet | Glia | ↓ |
| Bruton et al.103 | NA | scz 48 ctr 56 | NA | NA | NA | FC, PC, TC | Holzer's Technique | Glia | ↑ |
| Chana et al.124 | SFNC | scz 15 ctr 15 | scz 9/6 ctr 9/6 | scz 45 ctr 48 | scz 7 | ACC (BA24) | Cresyl violet | Glia | ↔ |
| Chana et al.121 | SFNC | scz 14 ctr 15 | NA | NA | NA | MTN | NA | Glia | ↔ |
| Cotter et al.109 | SFNC | scz 15 ctr 15 | scz 9/6 ctr 9/6 | scz 45 ctr 48 | scz 7 | ACC | Cresyl violet | Glia | ↔ |
| Cotter et al.108 | SFNC | scz 15 ctr 15 | scz 9/6 ctr 9/6 | scz 45 ctr 48 | scz 7 | DLFPC (BA9, 46) | Cresyl violet | Glia | ↓ (only layer V) |
| Cotter et al.122 | SFNC | scz 15 ctr 15 | scz 9/6 ctr 9/6 | scz 44 ctr 48 | scz 4 | Heschl's gyrus (BA41) (layer 3 and 5) | Cresyl violet | Glia | ↔ |
| Cotter et al.127 | SFNC | scz 15 ctr 15 | scz 9/6 ctr 9/6 | scz 45 ctr 48 | scz 7 | OFC | Cresyl violet | Glia | ↔ |
| Crow et al.134 | NA | scz 22 ctr 26 | NA | NA | NA | Temporal horn | Holzer's Technique, IHC | Glia, diazepam binding inhibitor-like | ↔ |
| Cullen et al.120 | NA | scz 10 ctr 10 | scz 6/4 ctr 6/4 | scz 60 ctr 60 | NA | Frontal gyrus (BA9) | Cresyl violet | Glia | ↔ |
| Di Rosa et al.119 | NA | scz 11 ctr 13 | scz 6/5 ctr 7/6 | scz 66 ctr 68 | scz 1 | Fusiform gyrus | Cresyl violet | Glia | ↔ |
| Falkai and Bogerts104 | VIBR | scz 13 ctr 11 | scz 2/11 ctr 7/4 | scz 43 ctr 43 | scz 1 | CA1#, 3*, 4,* PSB,* SB# | Nissl | Glia | ↓*↔# |
| Falkai et al.118 | VIBR | scz 13 ctr 11 | scz 11/2 ctr 7/4 | scz 43 ctr 43 | NA | EC | Nissl | Glia | ↔ |
| Hoistad et al.132 | NA | scz 13 ctr 13 | scz 13/0 ctr 13/0 | scz 52 ctr 52 | scz 3 | ACC (BA24) | Gallocyanin | Glia | ↔ |
| Jonsson et al.128 | NA | scz 4 ctr 8 | scz 4/0 ctr 8/0 | scz 82 ctr 77 | NA | HPC | Cresyl violet | Glia | ↔ |
| Kurumaji et al.111 | NA | scz 13 ctr 10 | scz 8/5 ctr 7/3 | scz 60 ctr 67 | NA | PFC#, TC#, OC*, PC*, PU*, CT#, SN#, PL#, TH# | Receptor binding assay | [3H] PK11195 binding (gliosis) | ↓*↔# |
| Nasrallah et al.135 | NIMH | escz 11 lscz 7 ctr 11 | Na | escz 66 lscz 73 ctr 64 | NA | CO | Hematoxylin-eosin stain | Glia | ↔ |
| Ongur et al.117 | SFNC | scz 11 ctr 11 | scz 7/3 ctr 7/4 | scz 40 ctr 39 | scz 4 | sg24 | Nissl | Glia | ↔ |
| Pennington et al.126 | SFNC | scz 15 ctr 15 | scz 9/6 ctr 9/6 | scz 46 ctr 48 | scz 4 | Insular cortex | Cresyl violet | Glia | ↔ |
| Rajkowska et al.115 | HTBRC, NIMH, UZ | scz 9 ctr 10 | scz 7/2 ctr 6/4 | scz 41 ctr 44 | scz 5 | PFC (BA9), OC (BA17) | Nissl | Glia | ↔ |
| Selemon et al.113 | HTBRC, NIMH, UZ | scz 16 ctr 19 | scz 12/4 ctr 10/9 | scz 40 ctr 47 | scz 10 | PFC (BA9), OC (BA17) | Nissl | Glia | ↔ |
| Selemon et al.116 | HTBRC, UZ | scz 9 ctr 10 | scz 6/3 ctr 7/3 | scz 44 ctr 48 | scz 5 | PFC (BA9,46) | Nissl | Glia | ↔ |
| Selemon et al.114 | HBTRC, NIMH | scz 9 ctr 14 | scz 6/3 ctr 10/4 | scz 56 ctr 54 | scz 3 | FC (BA44) and DLPFC (BA9) | Nissl | Glia | ↔ |
| Selemon et al.131 | SFNC | scz 15 ctr 15 | scz 9/6 ctr 9/6 | scz 45 ctr 48 | scz 4 | Lateral geniculate nucleus | Nissl | Glia | ↔ |
| Stark et al.105 | NA | scz 12 ctr 14 | scz 7/5 ctr 7/7 | scz 70 ctr 69 | scz 1 | ACC (BA24)*, BA32# | Giemsa stain | Glia | ↓*↔# |
| Stevens102 | SEH | scz 28 ctr 18 | scz 13/15 ctr 11/7 | scz 41 ctr 37 | NA | Multiple brain regions | Holzer's Technique | Glia | ↑ |
Abbreviations: ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; AG, amygdala; BA, Brodmann area; CA, cornu ammonis; CO, corpus callosum; CT; caudate; ctr, control; DBC; Dusseldorf Brain Collection, DLFPC; dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; EC, entorhinal cortex; escz, early onset schizophrenia; FC, frontal cortex; HBTRC; Harvard Brain Tissue Resource Centre; HPC, hippocampus; lscz; late onset schizophrenia; md, mood disturbance; MTN, mediodorsal thalamic nucleus; NA, not available; NAS, nucleus accumbens; OC, occipital cortex; OFC, orbitofrontal cortex; PC, parietal cortex; PFC, prefrontal cortex; PL, pallidum; PSB, presubiculum; PU, putamen; SB, subiculum; scz, schizophrenia; SFNC; Stanley Foundation Neuropathology Consortium; sg, subgenual prefrontal cortex; SN; substantia nigra; ST, striatum; SEH, ST. Elizabeth's Hospital; TC, temporal cortex; TH, thalamus; UZ, University of Zagreb; VIBR, Vogt Institute of Brain Research; WBC, Würzburg Brain Collection.
*, # indicate which variables results are representing.