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. 2016 Jul 26;6:30217. doi: 10.1038/srep30217

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Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)

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(a) Liver fibrosis in low VD treated wild type and Smad3^+/− mice was analyzed by Sirius Red and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) staining. Smad3^+/− mice show higher levels of liver fibrosis. Arrows indicate fibrosis areas. (b) Serum VD, calcium, alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) concentrations were measured in blood from low/high VD treated wild type and Smad3^+/− mice. The serum VD levels in the VD-deficient group were lower than 20 ng/ml (deficient) VD, while the high VD treated group had VD levels higher than 30 ng/ml (normal), without any difference in calcium levels. Liver functional enzymes ALT and ALP levels were in the normal range but the ALT and ALP levels were slightly higher in the mutants than the controls. Results are presented as mean ± SD. (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, Student’s t-test).