TABLE 2.
Summary of Studies Using Parent-Focused Interventions to Reduce Youth Substance Use
| Study ID | Authors | Youth Demographics | Intervention Description | Control Description | Outcomes Measured | Resultsa (P < .05) | Number Low Risk of Bias Criteriab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Bauman et al (2001)14 | N = 1326; Female NA; Race NA; 12–14 y | 4 booklets + 4 follow-up calls (parent) | No intervention | Smoking initiation; alcohol use and initiation | 12 mo: no difference smoking use or alcohol use | 1 |
| 2 | Brody et al (2006)15 | N = 332; 53.6% Female; African American; 11–13.5 y | 7 sessions (youth + parents) | 3 leaflets | Alcohol use and intention | 3 mo: reduced alcohol initiation/use; 29 mo: reduced alcohol initiation/use | 3 |
| 3 | Brody et al (2010)16 | N = 667; Female (NA); African American; 10.8 y | 5 sessions (youth + parents) | 3 leaflets | Alcohol use and initiation | 29 mo: reduced alcohol use; 65 mo: reduced alcohol use | 2 |
| 4 | Brody et al (2012)17 | N = 502; 51% Female; African American; Age 16 y (10th grade) | 5 sessions (youth + parents) | 5 sessions on nutrition (youth + parents) | Smoking, alcohol, substance and polysubstance use | 22 mo: reduced polysubstance use | 1 |
| 5 | Connell et al (2006,18 2007)19 | N = 998; 47.3% Female; Diverse population; 11–17 y | 6 sessions (youth) + 3 family checkups + elective family intervention (youth + parents) | No intervention | Smoking, alcohol, substance | 72 mo: reduced smoking use, alcohol use, and substance use | 4 |
| 6 | Curry et al (2003)20 | N = 4026; 52% Female; Primarily white; 10–12 y | 1 handbook + 2 counseling calls + 1 newsletter (parent) | Standard care | Smoking intention and use | 6 mo: no difference smoking intention, or use; 12 mo: no difference smoking intention, or use; 20 mo: no difference smoking intention, or use | 1 |
| 7 | DeGarmo et al (2009)21 | N = 361; 51% Female; European American; 5th–12th grade | 6 sessions (youth + parent) + recess games (youth + teacher) + 7 phone calls (parent) + newsletters (teacher + parent) | No intervention | Smoking, alcohol, and substance use and initiation | 60 mo: reduced smoking and alcohol initiation, no difference substance initiation | 4 |
| 8 | Dembo et al (2002)22 | N = 315; 44% Female; Diverse population; 14.5 y | 30 home visits (youth + parent) | Phone contacts with staff and referrals if necessary | Alcohol use | 36 mo: no difference alcohol use | 1 |
| 9(a) | Dishion & Andrews (1995)23 | N = 65; 47.5% Female; 90% Caucasian; 10–14 y | 12 sessions + 6 newsletter (parents) | No intervention | Smoking and substance use | 4 mo: no change smoking use; 16 mo: no change smoking use | 1 |
| 9(b) | Dishion & Andrews (1995)23 | N = 70; 47.5% Female; 90% Caucasian; 10–14 y | 12 sessions + 6 newsletter (youth + parents) | No intervention | Smoking and substance use | 4 mo: increased smoking use; 16 mo: increased smoking use | 1 |
| 10 | Fang L, et al (2010)24 | N = 108; 100% Female; Asian American; 10–14 y | 9 online sessions (youth + parent) | No treatment | Smoking and alcohol use; substance use and intention | 6.25 mo: no difference smoking use, reduced alcohol use, substance use, and polysubstance intention | 4 |
| 11 | Forman SG et al (1990)25 | N = 279; Female (NA); White; 14.72 y | 10 youth sessions + 1 booster + 5 parent sessions (youth + parent) | 10 sessions + 2 booster on peer support, increase substance knowledge (youth only) | Smoking, alcohol and substance use | 12 mo: no difference smoking use or alcohol use, reduced substance use | 2 |
| 12 | Gonzales et al (2012)26 | N = 516; 50.8% Female; Mexican American; 12.3 y | 9 sessions + 2 home visits (youth + parent) | 1 workshop on school resources/ school success (youth + parent) | Smoking, alcohol, substance and polysubstance use | 12 mo: reduced polysubstance use | 4 |
| 13 | Guilamo-Ramos et al (2010)27 | N = 1386; 50.4% Female; Diverse population; 12.1 y | 2 youth sessions + 2 parent sessions + 2 booster calls (youth + parent) | 2 youth sessions + parent class on high school selection | Smoking use | 15 mo: reduced smoking use | 4 |
| 14(a) | Haggerty et al (2007)28 | N = 213; 48.7% Female; 50.8% Caucasian, 49.2% African American; 13.7 y (8th grade) | Intervention 1: self-administered video + workbook program (parent) | No treatment | Smoking initiation; alcohol, substance and polysubstance use and initiation | 24 mo: no change in tobacco, alcohol, substance or poly substance initiation | 1 |
| 14(b) | Haggerty et al (2007)28 | N = 224; 48.7% Female; 50.8%; Caucasian, 49.2% African American; 13.7 y (8th grade) | Intervention 2: 7 Group video + workbook sessions (youth + parent) | No treatment | Smoking initiation; alcohol, substance and polysubstance use and initiation | 24 mo: no change in tobacco, alcohol, substance or polysubstance initiation | 1 |
| 15 | Komro et al (2006,29 2008)30 | N = 5812; 50% Female; Diverse population; 11.8 y (6th grade) | Youth: 25 sessions + 9.5 peer leaderships training + community service project. Youth + parent: 12 at home booklets+ 2 family fun events + 13 parent postcards (youth + parent) | Standard care | Alcohol intention; alcohol and polysubstance use | 36 mo: no difference alcohol intention, alcohol or polysubstance use | 2 |
| 16(a) | Koning (2009,31 2011,32 2013)33 | N = 1736; 49% Female; Dutch; 12.6 y | Intervention 1: 1 presentation + 1 parent consensus meeting for rule making + 1 information leaflet (parent) | No intervention | Alcohol use | 10 mo: no difference alcohol use; 22 mo: no difference alcohol use; 34 mo: no difference alcohol use; 50 mo: no difference alcohol use | 3 |
| 16(b) | Koning (2009,31 2011,32 2013)33 | N = 1747; 49% Female; Dutch; 12.6 y | Intervention 2: 1 presentation + 1 parent consensus meeting for rule making + 1 information leaflet (parent) + 4 lessons + 1 booster session (youth) | No intervention | Alcohol use | 10 mo: reduced alcohol use; 22 mo: reduced alcohol use; 34 mo: reduced alcohol use; 50 mo: reduced alcohol use | 3 |
| 17 | Loveland-Cherry et al (1999)34 | N = 892; 54% Female; European American; 9 y (4th grade) | 3 home sessions + phone calls + newsletter | No intervention | Alcohol use and initiation | 60 mo: reduced alcohol use | 1 |
| 18 | Martinez et al (2005)35 | N = 73; 44% Female; Latino; 12.74 y (middle school) | 12 sessions + 12 notebook exercises (parent) | No project-related intervention | Smoking, alcohol and substance intention | 5.61 mo: reduced smoking intention, marginally reduced substance intention, no difference alcohol intention | 1 |
| 19 | Milburn et al (2012)36 | N = 151; 66.2% Female; Diverse population; 14.8 y | 5 sessions (youth + parent) | Standard care | Alcohol, substance and polysubstance use | 12 mo: reduced alcohol use, increased marijuana use, reduced hard substance use | 3 |
| 20(a) | O’Donnell et al (2010)37 | N = 268; 100% Female; Diverse population; 11–13 y | Intervention 1: 4 audio CDs (youth + parent) | No materials | Alcohol use | 12 mo: reduced alcohol use | 1 |
| 20(b) | O’Donnell et al (2010)37 | N = 268; 100% Female; Diverse population; 11–13 y | Intervention 2: 4 booklets (youth + parent) | No materials | Alcohol use | 12 mo: no change in alcohol use | 1 |
| 21 | Pantin et al (2009)38 | N = 213; 36% Female; Hispanic; 13.8 y (8th grade) | 9 group sessions +10 family visits + 4 booster sessions (youth + parent) | 3 individual and family referrals to agencies that serve delinquent youth | Smoking, alcohol, substance and polysubstance use | 30 mo: reduced polysubstance use | 3 |
| 22 | Perry et al (1996,39 2002)40 Williams et al (1999)41 | N = 2351; 48.7% Female; 94% Caucasian; 6th grade at baseline | Project Northland: classroom lessons, school environment enhancements, parent newsletters and workbooks, community environment enhancements | Standard care | Smoking, alcohol, substance and polysubstance use; alcohol intention and initiation | <6 mo: no difference smoking, alcohol or substance use or alcohol intention; 12 mo: no difference smoking, alcohol or substance use or alcohol intention; 24 mo: no difference smoking or substance use, reduced alcohol intention, initiation and use, reduced poly-substance use; 4 y: reduced alcohol use and intention; 6 y: reduced alcohol use and intention | 0 |
| 23 | Prado et al (2007)42 | N = 266; 51.9% Female; Hispanic; 13.4 (8th grade) | 15 sessions + 8 family visits + 2 “circles” on parenting and preventing substance use and risky sexual behavior (youth + parent) | Control 1: 8 ESOL classes (parent) + 6 group sessions + 2 family visits on risky sexual behavior (youth + parent). Control 2: 8 ESOL classes (parent) + 7 group sessions of family exercise (youth + parent) | Smoking, alcohol, substance and polysubstance use and initiation | 36 mo: reduced smoking use and initiation, reduced substance use comparing intervention with control 2 but not when comparing intervention with control 1; no difference alcohol use or alcohol or substance initiation | 3 |
| 24 | Prado et al (2012)43 | N = 242; 35.6% Female; Hispanic or Latino; 14.7 y | 8 parent group sessions + 4 family visits (youth + parent) | Standard care: included referrals for families | Alcohol, substance and polysubstance use | 12 mo: reduced polysubstance and substance use, no difference alcohol use | 4 |
| 25 | Riesch et al (2012)44 | N = 167; 48.5% Female; Diverse population; 9–11 y, 10.8 y average age | 7 sessions (youth + parent) | No intervention | Smoking, alcohol and substance use | 6 mo: no change in smoking, alcohol or substance use | 3 |
| 26 | Schinke et al (2004,45 2010)46 Schwinn et al (2010)47 | N = 325; 51.4% Female; Diverse population; 10–12 y | 10 online sessions (youth) + 1 videotape + 2 newsletters + 1 booster workshops (parent) | No intervention | Smoking, alcohol and substance use and intention | <6 mo: reduced smoking, alcohol, and substance use; 12 mo: reduced smoking, alcohol, and substance use; 24 mo: reduced smoking, alcohol, and substance use; 36 mo: reduced smoking, alcohol, and substance use; 6 y: reduced smoking and alcohol use, no change in substance use; 7 y: reduced smoking, alcohol use; reduced alcohol intention; no difference substance use | 1 |
| 27 | Schinke et al (2009)48 | N = 202; 100% Female; Diverse population; 10–13 y | 14 online modules (youth + parent) | No treatment | Alcohol use intention | 2 mo: reduced alcohol use, no effect on alcohol intention | 2 |
| 28 | Schinke et al (2009)49 | N = 916; 100% Female; Diverse population; 11–13 y | 9 online sessions + 2 online booster sessions (youth + parent) | No intervention | Smoking, alcohol and substance use and intention; polysubstance intention | 24 mo: reduced alcohol and substance use and polysubstance intention; no change in smoking use | 1 |
| 29 | Schinke et al (2009)50 | N = 591; 100% Female; Diverse population; 12.7 y | 9 online sessions (youth + parent) | No intervention | Smoking, alcohol and substance use and intention | 12 mo: no change smoking use; reduced alcohol use, substance intention & use | 3 |
| 30 | Schinke, SP (2011)51 | N = 546; 100% Female; Diverse population; 10–13 y | 10 online sessions (youth + parent) | No intervention | Smoking, alcohol and substance use; polysubstance intention | ≤6 mo: reduced, alcohol use and polysubstance intention; no change in tobacco or substance use | 2 |
| 31 | Simons-Morton (2005)52 | N = 2651; Female (NA); Race NA; 6th grade | 18 classroom lessons + 1 parent video and booklet + enhanced school environment | School district comparison group | Smoking and alcohol use and intention | 36 mo: reduced smoking intention and use | 3 |
| 32 | Spirito (2011)53 | N = 125; 53% Female; Diverse population; 13–17 y | Individual motivational interview (youth) + 1 family sessions (youth + parent) | Individual motivational interview (youth) | Alcohol use | 3 mo: reduced alcohol use | 3 |
| 33 | Spoth et al (1999,54 2001,55 2004,56 2006,57 2006,58 2008)59, Park et al (2000)60, Mason et al (2003)61, Guyll et al (2004)62 | N = 429; 52% Female; 99% Caucasian; 6th grade | Preparing for Drug Free Years (PDFY): 4 sessions (parent) + 1 session (youth + parent) | 4 leaflets on adolescent development (parent) | Smoking, alcohol, substance and polysubstance use and intention | 12 mo: no change in smoking, alcohol, substance or polysubstance initiation or use; 24 mo: reduced smoking, alcohol, substance and polysubstance initiation/use; 48 mo: reduced, alcohol use, marginally reduced smoking, alcohol, substance initiation, no change in tobacco or substance use; 6 y: reduced smoking initiation & use, no change in alcohol or substance initiation or use; 10 y: marginally reduced misuse of prescription drugs | 3 |
| 34 | Spoth et al (1999,54 1999,63 2001,55 2004,56 2006,57 2006,58 2008,59 2009,64 2012)65, Guyll et al (2004)62 | N = 446; 52% Female; 99% Caucasian; 6th grade | Intervention: Iowa Strengthening Families Program (ISFP): 7 sessions (youth + parent) | 4 leaflets on adolescent development (parent) | Smoking, alcohol, substance and polysubstance use and intention | 12 mo: Reduced alcohol initiation no change in smoking, substance or polysubstance initiation or use or alcohol use; 24 mo: reduced smoking, alcohol, substance and polysubstance initiation and marginally reduced smoking, alcohol, substance and polysubstance use; 48 mo: reduced smoking, alcohol, substance and polysubstance initiation, reduced tobacco and alcohol use no change in substance use; 6 y: reduced smoking, alcohol, substance and polysubstance initiation, reduced alcohol, substance and polysubstance use, no change in tobacco use; 10 y: reduced misuse of prescription drugs | 3 |
| 35 | Spoth et al (2002,66 2005,67 2008)68, Spoth et al (2006,57,58 2008)59 describes 2 studies (including this 1) | N = 1664; 47% female; Caucasian; 7th grade | 7 sessions (youth + parent) | 4 leaflets on adolescent development (parent) | Smoking, alcohol, substance and polysubstance use; alcohol and substance initiation | 12 mo: no difference smoking initiation; reduced alcohol initiation, substance initiation, and poly substance initiation; 2.5 y: reduced poly substance initiation; no change substance use; 5.5 y: reduced smoking initiation/use, alcohol initiation, substance use, and poly substance initiation/use; no change alcohol use or substance initiation | 3 |
| 36 | Spoth et al (2007,69 2011,70 2013)71, Redmond et al (2009)72 | N = 11 931; 51% Female; 85% Caucasian; 6th grade at baseline | Year 1: Strengthening Families Program (10–14 y): 7 sessions (youth + parent). Year 2: in-class lessons on substance avoidance (youth) | No project support | Smoking, alcohol and substance use, initiation and intention; polysubstance initiation and intention | 12 mo: reduced substance initiation and use, reduced poly-substance initiation, marginally reduced tobacco use and initiation, no change in alcohol use or initiation; 2 y: no difference polysubstance intention; 4 y: reduced smoking, alcohol, substance and polysubstance initiation; reduced substance use; marginally reduced tobacco use; no change in alcohol use; 6 y: reduced smoking and substance use; no change in alcohol use | 1 |
| 37(a) | Stanton et al (2004)73 | N = 579; 58% Female; 100% African American; 13–16 y | Intervention 1: Intervention 1 + 1 video (youth + parent) | 8 youth sessions alone | Smoking, alcohol and substance use | 24 mo: reduced smoking use; no change alcohol use; marginal change in substance use | 2 |
| 37(b) | Stanton B, et al (2004)73 | N = 559; 58% Female; 100% African American; 13-16 | Intervention 2: Intervention 1 + 4 booster sessions (youth + parent) | 8 youth sessions alone | Smoking, alcohol and substance use | 24 mo: reduced smoking use; no change alcohol use; marginal change in substance use | 2 |
| 38 | Stormshak, et al (2011)74 Van Ryzin, et al (2012)75 | N = 593; 48.6% Female; Diverse population; 11.88 (6th grade) | 3 sessions (youth + parent) | School as usual | Smoking, alcohol and substance use | 24 mo: reduced smoking use, reduced alcohol use, reduced substance use; 36 mo: reduced alcohol use | 4 |
| 39 | Werch, CE et al (1998)76 | N = 211; 49.8% Female; 85% African American; 12.1 (6th grade) | 1 consultation (youth)+ 1 letter + 2-9 workbooks (youth + parent) | Booklet on alcohol (youth) | Alcohol use initiation and intention | 1 mo: no change alcohol use; 12 mo: no change alcohol use | 2 |
| 40 | Werch et al (2003)77 | N = 650; 46% female; Diverse population; 11.4 (6th grade) | 1 consultation + 1 follow-up consultation (youth) + 10 postcards +4 workbooks (youth + parent) | Booklet on alcohol (youth) | Alcohol use initiation and intention | 12 mo: reduced alcohol intention, no change alcohol use or initiation | 2 |
| 41 | West et al (2008)78 | N = 1981; Female (NA); Croatian; 6th–8th grade | Intervention encourages parent-child communication and peer communication (based on Project Northland) (youth + parent) | Control schools (curriculum is standard nationally in Croatia) | Alcohol use and intention | 2 y: reduced alcohol use; 3 y: no change alcohol use | 1 |
| 42(a) | Wolchik et al (2002)79 | N = 157; 49% Female; Primarily Caucasian; 10.8 at baseline | Intervention 1: 11 group + 2 individual sessions (parent) | Books on postdivorce adjustment (parent) | Alcohol, substance and polysubstance use | 6 y: no change in polysubstance use | 3 |
| 42(b) | Wolchik et al (2002)79 | N = 159; 51.8% female; Primarily Caucasian; 10.8 y at baseline | Intervention 2: 11 group + 2 individual sessions (parent) + 11 youth sessions | Books on postdivorce adjustment (parent) | Alcohol, substance and polysubstance use | 6 y: no change in polysubstance use | 3 |
NA, not available.
a
Reduction, no difference, or increase in substance use outcome.
b
Number of Cochran Criteria indicating low risk of bias from 0 to 5.