TABLE 4.
Relation of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure (Ounces AA/Day) to Neurocognitive Outcomes Stratified by Growth Trajectory
| Whole Cohort | Stratified by Fetal Growth | Stratified by Fetal and Postnatal Growtha | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AGA | SGA | Interaction Pb | AGA With Normal Postnatal Growth | SGA With Catch-up Growth | SGA Without Catch-up Growth | Interaction Pc | SGA Without Catch-up Growth Excluding Children With FAS | ||
| 5-y visit | (n = 85) | (n = 56) | (n = 67) | (n = 31) | (n = 18) | (n = 7) | |||
| JSAIS IQ | –0.19* | 0.07 | –0.37** | .027 | 0.04 | –0.21 | –0.48* | .180 | –0.55 |
| 10-y visit | |||||||||
| WISC-IV | (n = 77) | (n = 51) | (n = 64) | (n = 29) | (n = 17) | (n = 7) | |||
| Full-scale IQ | –0.26** | 0.05 | –0.45*** | .015 | 0.09 | –0.23 | –0.66** | .072 | –0.84* |
| Verbal Comprehension Index | –0.23** | –0.06 | –0.36* | .259 | –0.05 | –0.19 | –0.57* | .375 | –0.58 |
| Perceptual Reasoning Index | –0.20* | 0.09 | –0.41** | .013 | 0.09 | –0.17 | –0.60* | .010 | –0.77* |
| Working Memory Index | –0.13 | 0.18 | –0.32* | .007 | 0.34** | 0.00 | –0.70** | .001 | –0.89** |
| Processing Speed Index | –0.20* | 0.06 | –0.35* | .029 | 0.13 | –0.27 | –0.40 | .141 | 0.67 |
| CVLT-C | (n = 75) | (n = 46) | (n = 62) | (n = 27) | (n = 14) | (n = 6) | |||
| Total correct | –0.27** | –0.21† | –0.21 | .885 | –0.20 | –0.03 | –0.54* | .087 | –0.70 |
| Recognition discrimination | –0.30*** | –0.15 | –0.34* | .157 | –0.14 | –0.26 | –0.49† | .838 | –0.46 |
| Delis-Kaplan Verbal Fluency | (n = 75) | (n = 46) | (n = 62) | (n = 26) | (n = 14) | (n = 6) | |||
| Letters | –0.13 | 0.08 | –0.28† | .079 | 0.11 | –0.09 | –0.39 | .051 | –0.56 |
| Categories | –0.15† | –0.04 | –0.25† | .296 | –0.05 | –0.13 | –0.50† | .085 | 0.33 |
| Category switching | –0.24** | 0.05 | –0.45** | .008 | 0.12 | –0.42* | –0.61* | .035 | 0.53 |
Values are Pearson r. CVLT-C, California Verbal Learning Test-Children’s Version; JSAIS, Junior South African Individual Scales; WISC-IV, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children IV.
a
Excluding children with late-onset stunting.
b
From multiple regression analyses including AA/day, SGA (yes/no), and the interaction term (AA/day × SGA [yes/no]).
c
From multiple regression analyses including AA/day, a binary variable comparing children who were born SGA without catch-up growth to all other children, and the interaction term (AA/day × SGA without catch-up growth [yes/no]).
*
P ≤ .05.
**
P ≤ .01.
***
P ≤ .001.
†
P ≤ .10.