Table 3.
Hazard ratios of 3-year mortality for frailty and its major selected frailty components by age group, CLHLS 2008/2009—2011/2012, Women
| Frailty scores (0–39) | Cognitive impairment (0 or 1) | Chronic diseases (0–11) | Heart diseases or stroke (0–2) | ADL disability (0–6) | IADL disability (0–8) | Functional limitations (0–5) | Self-rated poor health (0–2) | Hearing and vision impairments (0–2) | Psychological distress (0 or 1) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | |
| Model I | ||||||||||
| Ages 65–79 | 1.10*** | 2.24*** | 1.15 | 1.15 | 1.51*** | 1.23*** | 1.25*** | 1.33* | 1.35 | 2.05*** |
| Ages 80–89 | 1.09*** | 1.77*** | 1.05 | 1.38** | 1.36*** | 1.19*** | 1.27*** | 1.37*** | 1.48*** | 1.41** |
| Ages 90–99 | 1.07*** | 1.85*** | 0.99 | 1.04 | 1.23*** | 1.16*** | 1.17*** | 1.40*** | 1.40*** | 1.30*** |
| Ages 100+ | 1.06*** | 1.55*** | 1.01 | 1.20* | 1.16*** | 1.14*** | 1.14*** | 1.24*** | 1.31*** | 1.30*** |
| Model II | ||||||||||
| Ages 65–79 | 1.10*** | 2.09*** | 1.20* | 1.28 | 1.47*** | 1.20*** | 1.24*** | 1.23 | 1.22 | 1.86** |
| Ages 80–89 | 1.09*** | 1.75*** | 1.06 | 1.47*** | 1.37*** | 1.19*** | 1.27*** | 1.32*** | 1.46*** | 1.34* |
| Ages 90–99 | 1.07*** | 1.77*** | 0.99 | 1.06 | 1.22*** | 1.15*** | 1.16*** | 1.34*** | 1.35*** | 1.20* |
| Ages 100+ | 1.06*** | 1.49*** | 1.01 | 1.19 | 1.16*** | 1.12*** | 1.13*** | 1.22*** | 1.28*** | 1.26*** |
| Model III | ||||||||||
| Ages 65–79 | NA a | 1.73** | 1.09 | 0.98 | 1.31** | 1.11* | 0.94 | 0.91 | 0.75 | 1.74* |
| Ages 80–89 | NA a | 1.22 | 0.96 | 1.09 | 1.18*** | 1.10*** | 1.04 | 1.11 | 1.14 | 1.02 |
| Ages 90–99 | NA a | 1.44*** | 0.95 | 0.95 | 1.14*** | 1.07*** | 1.02 | 1.09 | 1.07 | 0.86 |
| Ages 100+ | NA a | 1.08 | 0.97 | 1.07 | 1.12*** | 1.04* | 1.03 | 1.05 | 1.10* | 1.04 |
| Model IV | ||||||||||
| Ages 65–79 | ---*** b | 1.42 | 0.97 | 0.83 | 1.16 | 1.01 | 0.87 | 0.85 | 0.76 | 1.38 |
| Ages 80–89 | ---*** b | 1.22* | 0.85*** | 0.92 | 1.10* | 1.02 | 0.97 | 0.93 | 1.07 | 0.98 |
| Ages 90–99 | ---*** b | 1.29*** | 0.86*** | 0.81* | 1.07** | 1.03 | 0.95* | 1.02 | 1.05 | 0.86 |
| Ages 100+ | ---*** b | 1.08 | 0.90** | 0.96 | 1.07** | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 1.04 | 0.97 |
Note. (1) numbers in the parentheses of frailty and its components were the ranges or values of items/scores. (2) Model I controlled for age and ethnicity. Model II further controlled for all other covariates listed in Table 1. Model III additionally controlled for all other frailty components. Model IV added frailty into Model II. (3) In the case of heart diseases or stroke, the variable of the number of chronic diseases excluded these two types of diseases. In the cases of frailty and all other frailty components, the variable “heart diseases or stroke” was excluded to avoid double control. (4) anot applicable as frailty index was not included in Model III; bfrailty index was significant at p < 0.001 for all models in Model IV set. (5) * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p <0.001