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. 2016 Jul 20;129(14):1744–1751. doi: 10.4103/0366-6999.185873

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Copyright: © 2016 Chinese Medical Journal

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

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DNA methylation cycle. DNMTs catalyze cytosine to generate 5mC. TET proteins can iteratively oxidize 5mC to 5hmC, 5fC, and 5CaC. TDG can decarboxylase either 5fC or 5caC and replace it with an unmodified cytosine through BER, which finally completes a cycle of dynamic cytosine removal. DNMTs: DNA methyltransferases; TET: Ten-eleven translocation; 5mC: 5-methylcytosine; 5hmC: 5-hydroxymethylcytosine; 5fC: 5-formylcytosine; 5caC: 5-carboxylcytosine; TDG: Thymine DNA glycosylase; BER: Base excision repair. This figure was modified based on the work of Shen et al.