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. 2015 Dec 8;10(2):139–147. doi: 10.1080/19336950.2015.1120392

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Figure 2. — Recovery of Na⁺ current from toxin action by strong depolarization and washout. (A) Whole-cell Na⁺ current elicited by membrane depolarization to 0 mV in the presence of 500 pM KPH (black traces). Strong depolarizing pre-pulse to +190 mV restores inactivation rate (red trace on top inset). Na⁺ currents showed fast and complete recovery from toxin action within 5 min of washout (red trace on the bottom inset). Similar results were obtained for OD1 and KPH-E55A. (B) Voltage-dependence of toxin displacement by depolarizing pre-pulse in the presence of 500 pM KPH (n = 4).