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. 2016 Jul 26;7:285. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00285

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Copyright © 2016 Batulan, Pulakazhi Venu, Li, Koumbadinga, Alvarez-Olmedo, Shi and O’Brien.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Extracellular HSP27 (eHSP27) can trigger TLR signaling, leading to NF-κB activation and cytokine upregulation (64, 103–106).