Figure 7.

Berberine activated the AMPK pathway in a time- and dose-dependent manner. (A) Müller cells were treated with berberine at various concentrations for 6 hours. (B) Cells were treated with 5 μM berberine for times indicated. (C) Cells were pretreated with berberine (5 μM, 1 hour) before being exposed to N- or HOG-LDL (200 mg/L) for 6 hours: untreated cells served as controls, and p-AMPK and t-AMPK were detected by Western blot. p-AMPK was quantified by densitometry. For all experiments, data shown as mean ± SD; n = 3.