. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jul 1.

Published in final edited form as: Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2016 Apr 25;14(7):855–869. doi: 10.1080/14779072.2016.1176528

Table 3.

Association between biomarkers and cardiovascular outcomes in various population studies.

Biomarker	Cohort
Biomarker	FHS [38,41,50]	Dallas [42,48]	FINRISK [43,44]	PREVEND [39]	RB [40,46,47]	ULSAM [45,49]
Galectin-3	M, HF		M, CVDM, HF	M	CVDM^*
sST2	M, HF, CVD, S	M, CVDM	No association
GDF-15	M, HF, CVD, S	M^*, CVDM			M^*, CVDM	M^, CVDM^
Cathepsin S						M, CVDM
NGAL					M, CVDM^*

FHS, Framingham Heart Study; Dallas, Dallas Heart Study; PREVEND, Prevention of REnal and Vascular End-stage Disease study; RB, Rancho Bernardo study; ULSAM, Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men; M, mortality; HF, heart failure; CVDM, cardiovascular disease mortality; CVD, cardiovascular disease; S, stroke. The biomarkers reflect cardiac fibrosis (galectin-3 and soluble ST2 [sST2]), apoptosis (growth differentiation factor 15 [GDF-15]), inflammatory activity (cathepsin S) and renal dysfunction (neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin [NGAL]).

Improvement in discrimination when biomarker was added to a model that included conventional risk factors.