Table 1. Anthropometric and other measurements in all participants.
| Non-diabetic controls (n = 47) | Type-1 diabetes (n = 79) | Type-2 diabetes (n = 55) | P* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anthropometric measurements | ||||
| Age (y) | 17.5 ± 4.6 (17.0) | 18.6 ± 4.8 (17.0) | 23.3 ± 5.8 (24.0) | <0.001 |
| Female: male ratio | 22/25 | 35/44 | 28/29 | 0.855a |
| Duration of diabetes (y) | - | 6.8 ± 4.1 (6.0) | 4.3 ± 3.1 (3.0) | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 90.7 ± 19.7 (86.5) | 83.3 ± 14.2 (82.0) | 101.6 ± 14.3 (103.0) | <0.001 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 103.4 ± 14.5 (104.0) | 96.4 ± 14.5 (94.0) | 109.8 ± 19.6 (111.0) | <0.001 |
| BMI as adults (kg/m2) | 25.2 ± 7.6 (23.9) | 24.3 ± 6.9 (22.5) | 32.0 ± 7.2 (31.5) | <0.001 |
| Body fat (%) | 23.2 ± 13.6 (22.7) | 20.7 ± 10.4 (21.4) | 32.4 ± 10.3 (33.5) | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 123 ± 15 (124) | 117 ± 13 (116) | 117 ± 12 (118) | 0.049 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 74 ± 10 (76) | 73 ± 11 (72) | 74 ± 8 (73) | 0.646 |
| Inflammatory biomarkers | ||||
| sICAM-1 (ng/mL) | 184 ± 40 (186) | 243 ± 71 (245) | 281 ± 102 (257) | <0.001 |
| sVCAM-1 (ng/mL) | 570 ± 150 (531) | 782 ± 208 (752) | 730 ± 220 (745) | <0.001 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 1.7 ± 2.1 (1.0) | 1.5 ± 1.5 (0.9) | 2.5 ± 2.4 (1.8) | 0.015 |
| Haptoglobin (mg/dL) | 116 ± 54 (105) | 139 ± 60 (139) | 150 ± 68 (145) | 0.031 |
| hsCRP (mg/L) | 3.4 ± 5.1 (1.6) | 3.9 ± 4.3 (2.5) | 5.1 ± 6.0 (3.2) | 0.148 |
| TNFα (pg/mL) | 1.9 ± 2.0 (1.1) | 1.8 ± 1.5 (1.2) | 2.1 ± 1.7 (1.4) | 0.437 |
| Isoprostane (pg/mL) | 2.4 ± 1.7 (2.2) | 3.4 ± 2.6 (3.0) | 3.7 ± 3.0 (2.8) | 0.075 |
| Lipid profiles | ||||
| Adiponectin (μg/L) | 3.4 ± 1.2 (3.2) | 10.5 ± 7.1 (9.8) | 5.2± 3.2 (4.1) | <0.001 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 0.9 ± 0.2 (0.9) | 1.3 ± 0.4 (1.2) | 1.0 ± 0.3 (0.9) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.0 ± 0.7 (0.8) | 1.4 ± 0.8 (1.1) | 1.7 ± 1.2 (1.4) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.0 ± 0.8 (3.9) | 4.7 ± 1.1 (4.6) | 4.3 ± 1.1 (4.2) | 0.003b |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.4 ± 0.7 (2.4) | 2.8 ± 0.9 (2.7) | 2.5 ± 1.0 (2.5) | 0.048 |
| Metabolic, hepatic, and renal markers | ||||
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | - | 9.4 ± 2.1 (9.5) | 7.8 ± 2.5 (7.4) | <0.001 |
| Blood glucose (mmol/L) | - | 15.3 ± 8.4 (13.6) | 9.5 ± 6.3 (7.6) | <0.001 |
| 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (ng/mL) | 12.6 ± 7.7 (10.5) | 18.8 ± 9.0 (17.4) | 18.7 ± 10.8 (15.7) | <0.001 |
| ALT (U/L) | - | 20.8 ± 14.3 (16.6) | 37.7 ± 31.2 (27.4) | 0.001 |
| GGT (U/L) | - | 20.6 ± 22.7 (13.5) | 27.6 ± 13.9 (27.0) | 0.123 |
| Protein:creatinine (mg/mmol) | 1.7 ± 2.2 (0.6) | 1.5 ± 1.3 (1.1) | 1.1 ± 0.9 (0.8) | 0.072 |
| Cardiac markers | ||||
| SDNN (ms) | 73 ± 45 (63) | 51 ± 29 (44) | 55 ± 47 (43) | 0.011 |
| Total power (ms2) | 6021±16726 (1816) | 1630±2163 (878) | 1651±2954 (991) | 0.019 |
| LF:HF ratio | 1.7 ± 0.9 (1.4) | 2.7 ± 2.0 (2.0) | 2.5 ± 2.0 (1.9) | 0.117 |
| QTc (ms) | 427 ± 71 (427) | 427 ± 73 (412) | 421 ± 63 (414) | 0.689 |
Values are mean SD (median). Isoprostane was measured in the urine; all other measurements were in the serum. A few measurements were missing in some patients.
* Kruskal Wallis test (between groups).
a Pearson’s chi-square test.
b One-way ANOVA.
BP, blood pressure; IL-6, interleukin-6 (normal median level, 1.45 pg/mL); TNFα, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (pg/mL); hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (low, <1.0 mg/L; average, 1–3 mg/L; high, >3.0 mg/L); sICAM, soluble intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (normal, 265 ± 55 ng/mL [20]); sVCAM-1, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (normal, 408 ± 76 ng/mL [2]); HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase (normal, 9–58 U/L), ALT, alanine aminotransferase (normal, 7–21 U/L); QTc, corrected QT interval (a measure of myocardial repolarization); SDNN, standard deviation of beat-to-beat (NN) intervals (intervals <35 ms correlate with autonomous nervous system dysfunction; normal mean value at 10–20 y = 55 ms and 20–30 y = 47 ms); LF/HF, ratio between the power of low frequency (ms2) and high frequency (ms2) bands (reference values, 0.5–2.0; it is a measure of the overall balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic systems). Higher LF:HF ratios reflect domination of the sympathetic system and lower ones reflect domination of the parasympathetic system; total power reflects the overall autonomic (mainly sympathetic) activity (values ≤1,000 ms2 suggest autonomous nervous system dysfunction).
Protein: creatinine ratio <15 mg/mmol are considered normal. Percent body fat ≥25 in men and ≥32 in women is considered obese. Overweight is defined as BMI ≥25 kg/m2 and obesity ≥30 kg/m2. Normal haptoglobin levels are 41–165 mg/dL. At any age, HDL is considered normal if >1.17 mmol/L and low if <0.91 mmol/L. Normal LDL levels are <2.85 mmol/L. Total cholesterol ≥5.18 mmol/L is definitely high and needs treatment. Triglycerides levels ≥1.5 mmol/L in patients 10–19 y are considered high.