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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jul 22.
Published in final edited form as: Circ Res. 2016 Jun 9;119(3):434–449. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.308700

Figure 1. Dynamic changes in the expression of BMP signaling components and BMP antagonists after myocardial infarction.

Figure 1

(A–C) Whole mouse heart RNA samples were isolated at day 0 (baseline, prior to injury), 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 21 post-MI and analyzed by qPCR. Values at baseline were set as 1. (A) Sequential induction of inflammation (Il-10β and E- selectin) and fibrosis (Tgfβ1 and αSma) associated genes after MI. (B) Expression analysis of BMP ligands shows that Bmp2 is transiently induced during the inflammatory phase of the post-MI repair process, followed by induction of Bmp4, Bmp6, and Bmp10. (C) Expression analysis of BMP antagonists shows Grem2 is the main antagonist induced after MI, starting at the late inflammatory phase and peaking at day 5. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P< 0.001 compared to day 0. One-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test. N=3 for all time points. All data are means ± SEM. (D) Immunofluorescence (IF) analysis with antibodies recognizing p-Smad1/5/8 (green) and CD31 (red) shows that p-Smad1/5/8 is not present in normal cardiac tissue at baseline prior to MI, but is activated in peri-infarct area endothelial cells at day 2 post-MI (representative examples marked with arrows) and in cardiomyocytes (asterisks). DAPI (blue) marks cellular nuclei. Scale bar 50 μm. Abbreviations: BZ=border zone; INF=infarct; Il-1β: Interleukin 1β; Tgfβ1: Transforming growth factor β1; αSma: alpha Smooth muscle actin; Grem2: Gremlin 2; Dand5: DAN domain family member 5 (also Dante, or Coco); Dan: Neuroblastoma 1 (Nbl1); Sost: Sclerostin; Twsg1: Twisted gastrulation BMP signaling modulator 1.