Table 1.

Animal models or human diseases associated with microglia dysfunction during development.

Model or Disease	Species	Manipulation	Behavior Affected	Ref
Animal Studies
Early life infection followed by later life immune challenge	Rat	Prenatal Escherichia coli and later life LPS challenge +/− handling	Memory	[72–74]
Maternal immune activation	Mouse or nonhuman primate	Poly(I:C) in utero +/− postnatal stress	Anxiety, sensorimotor gating, learning, psychotomimetic drug sensitivity, social interactions, ultrasonic vocalizations, repetitive behavior	[75–78]
Estradiol-treated females	Rat	Minocycline	Copulatory behavior	[79]
CX3CR1 KO	Mouse	Gene ablation	Social interactions	[80]
Microglia depletion in juvenile	Mouse	Diphtheria toxin receptor expression using CX3CR1cre-ERT2	Motor learning	[85]
Microglia-specific BDNF null	Mouse	Gene ablation using CX3CR1cre-ERT2	Motor learning	[85]
Hoxb8 mutant	Mouse	Gene mutation +/− wild-type myeloid cells	Grooming	[81]
Mecp2 null	Mouse	Gene mutation +/− wild-type myeloid cells	Locomotion, weight, breathing, and lifespan	[82, 83]
Mecp2 null	Mouse	Gene mutation +/− wild-type myeloid cells	None	[84]
Human Studies
HDLS	Human	CSF1R mutations	Impairments in mood, social interactions, cognition, and motor control	[95]
Nasu-Hakola disease	Human	DAP12 or TREM2 mutations	Psychosis and dementia	[96]
Frontotemporal Dementia	Human	TREM2 mutation	Dementia	[100]
Alzheimer’s disease	Human	CD33 risk allele; TREM2 variant	Increased disease susceptibility	[97–99]
Multiple Sclerosis	Human	IRF8 and TNFRSF1A variants	Increased disease susceptibility	[101, 102]
Bipolar and Major Depression	Human	P2RX7 risk allele	Increased disease susceptibility	[103, 104]
Schizophrenia	human	C4 variant	Increased disease susceptibility	[105]