Table 2.
Mean scores and SDs for observed measures obtained at 2nd grade, along with outcomes of t tests and Cohen’s ds. df = 98 for all.
| Normal Hearing | Cochlear Implants | t | p | Cohen’s d | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | (SD) | M | (SD) | ||||
| Phonological measures | |||||||
| Initial Consonant Choice (% correct) | 87.4 | (13.2) | 64.3 | (25.9) | 5.58 | <.001 | 1.12 |
| Final Consonant Choice (% correct) | 69.8 | (17.9) | 36.9 | (25.9) | 7.36 | <.001 | 1.48 |
| Phoneme Deletion (% correct) | 71.5 | (21.5) | 49.1 | (32.2) | 4.07 | <.001 | 0.82 |
| Morphosyntactic measures | |||||||
| Mean Length of Utterance | 6.3 | (1.5) | 5.6 | (1.3) | 2.41 | .018 | 0.50 |
| Conjunctions | 30.2 | (14.9) | 23.0 | (10.7) | 2.79 | .006 | 0.56 |
| Pronouns | 122.2 | (32.0) | 104.0 | (30.6) | 2.92 | .004 | 0.58 |
| Other measures | |||||||
| Auditory Comp. Standard Score | 111.6 | (11.9) | 100.2 | (20.0) | 3.43 | .001 | 0.69 |
| Expressive Vocab. Standard Score | 110.0 | (13.7) | 95.9 | (17.8) | 4.42 | <.001 | 0.89 |
| Word Reading Standard Score | 110.0 | (11.7) | 101.9 | (14.7) | 3.04 | .003 | 0.61 |
| Verbal Working Memory (% correct) | 56.1 | (16.5) | 44.1 | (14.7) | 3.83 | <.001 | 1.26 |