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. 2016 Jul 22;7:12264. doi: 10.1038/ncomms12264

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Cross-section view of (a) the as-grown film, (b) a single grain during +40 V treatment, (c) the film after +40 V treatment, (d) a single grain during subsequent −40 V treatment, and (e, f) cross section and grain after −40 V treatment. Colours identify AlO_x (red), GdO_x (green), metallic FM Co (light blue), insulating non-FM CoO_x (blue) and interstitial oxygen (orange); large gold arrow indicates the electric field. Illustration emphasizes fast surface migration, identified by the red arrows, and slow bulk diffusion, indicated by the grey arrows.