TABLE 2.
Adjusted mean differences of energy intake and the AHEI score according to insomnia symptoms and probable insomnia status (n = 15,273)1
| Energy intake, kcal |
AHEI score |
|||||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
| Probable insomnia | ||||||
| No (n = 11,457) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) |
| Yes (n = 3816) | 33.2 (15.3, 51.1)** | 31.7 (13.5, 49.9)** | 35.8 (17.4, 54.1)** | −0.18 (−0.50, 0.13) | −0.13 (−0.46, 0.19) | −0.20 (−0.52, 0.13) |
| P-trend | 0.0003 | 0.0006 | 0.0001 | 0.26 | 0.42 | 0.23 |
| Difficulty initiating sleep | ||||||
| Rarely or never (n = 11,217) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) |
| Sometimes (n = 3534) | 8.07 (−10.4, 26.5) | 6.98 (−11.6, 25.6) | 9.32 (−9.33, 28.0) | −0.32 (−0.65, 0.01) | −0.30 (−0.63, 0.03) | −0.35 (−0.68, −0.02)* |
| Most of the time (n = 522) | 35.4 (−7.30, 78.2) | 33.1 (−10.0, 76.2) | 42.2 (−1.31, 86.7) | −0.89 (−1.64, −0.13)* | −0.80 (−1.57, −0.04)* | −0.91 (−1.69, −0.14)* |
| P-trend | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.005 | 0.01 | 0.004 |
| Difficulty maintaining sleep | ||||||
| Rarely or never (n = 4531) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) |
| Sometimes (n = 6983) | 4.91 (−13.3, 23.1) | 4.55 (−13.7, 22.8) | 4.50 (−13.7, 22.7) | −0.20 (−0.52, 0.13) | −0.18 (−0.51, 0.14) | −0.19 (−0.52, 0.13) |
| Most of the time (n = 3759) | 29.2 (7.96, 50.4)** | 28.1 (6.76, 49.4)** | 30.5 (9.08, 51.9)** | 0.08 (−0.30, 0.46) | 0.11 (−0.27, 0.49) | 0.07 (−0.31, 0.45) |
| P-trend | 0.009 | 0.01 | 0.007 | 0.76 | 0.65 | 0.82 |
| Early-morning awakenings | ||||||
| Rarely or never (n = 7557) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) |
| Sometimes (n = 6628) | 18.0 (1.95, 34.0)* | 17.4 (1.38, 33.5)* | 19.2 (3.01, 35.3)* | 0.06 (−0.22, 0.34) | 0.07 (−0.21, 0.36) | 0.02 (−0.26, 0.31) |
| Most of the time (n = 1088) | −10.2 (−41.1, 20.6) | −12.8 (−43.9, 18.2) | −5.65 (−37.1, 25.8) | 0.02 (−0.53, 0.57) | 0.06 (−0.49, 0.61) | −0.06 (−0.61, 0.50) |
| P-trend | 0.36 | 0.44 | 0.23 | 0.77 | 0.65 | 0.97 |
| Nonrestorative sleep | ||||||
| Rarely or never (n = 11,007) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) |
| Sometimes (n = 3421) | 26.4 (7.60, 45.1)** | 25.4 (6.52, 44.3)** | 29.3 (10.3, 48.4)** | −0.23 (−0.57, 0.10) | −0.19 (−0.53, 0.14) | −0.26 (−0.59, 0.08) |
| Most of the time (n = 845) | 25.2 (−8.91, 59.3) | 20.9 (−13.7, 55.4) | 25.3 (−9.36, 60.0) | −0.19 (−0.80, 0.41) | −0.11 (−0.72, 0.51) | −0.18 (−0.79, 0.44) |
| P-trend | 0.006 | 0.01 | 0.005 | 0.20 | 0.35 | 0.19 |
All values are adjusted mean differences (95% CIs). Model 1 was adjusted for age, ethnicity (Caucasian; yes or no), smoking status (never smoker, former smoker, or current smoker), alcohol drinking (0, 0.1–9.9, 10.0–19.9, 20.0–29.9, or ≥30 g/d), BMI (in kg/m2; <23, 23–24.9, 25–26.9, 27–29.9, or ≥30), physical activity (quintiles), marriage status (married; divorced, separated, or single; or widowed), living status (alone or not), AHEI (2002), total energy intake (2002), and caffeine (quintiles). Model 2 was adjusted as for model 1 plus for regular use of aspirin (yes or no); feeling sad, blue or depressed for ≥2 wk (yes or no); use of antidepressant drugs (yes or no); and presence of elevated total cholesterol, high blood pressure, and elevated triglyceride (yes or no). Model 3 was adjusted as for model 2 plus for sleep duration (≤5, 6, 7, 8, or ≥9 h) and snoring frequency (every night, most nights, a few nights per week, occasionally, ≤1 time/wk, or missing). *,**Relative to the reference group: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. AHEI, Alternate Healthy Eating Index.