TABLE 4.

Overnight fasted plasma concentrations measured during the BD and KD periods¹

	BD (n = 17)	KD (n = 17)	P2
Acetoacetate, mmol/L	0.108 ± 0.075	0.781 ± 0.069	<0.0001
BHB, mmol/L	0.103 ± 0.071	0.758 ± 0.066	<0.0001
FFAs, mmol/L	0.479 ± 0.035	0.803 ± 0.029	<0.0001
Glycerol, mg/L	7.21 ± 0.78	11.1 ± 0.66	0.0006
Glucose, mg/dL	81.4 ± 1.5	81.9 ± 1.4	0.664
Glucagon, pg/mL	93.6 ± 8.9	126 ± 8.6	<0.0001
C-peptide,3 ng/mL	1.47 ± 0.11	1.15 ± 0.11	<0.0001
Insulin,3 μU/mL	7.92 ± 0.93	6.27 ± 0.9	0.0039
Triglyceride, mg/dL	104 ± 6.4	85.4 ± 6	0.001
Leptin, ng/mL	8.94 ± 1.1	7.13 ± 1.1	<0.0001
TSH, μIU/mL	1.84 ± 0.19	1.98 ± 0.18	0.0448
Free thyroxine, ng/dL	1.18 ± 0.033	1.32 ± 0.032	<0.0001
Total thyroxine, μg/dL	6.56 ± 0.3	6.76 ± 0.3	0.109
Free tri-iodothyronine, pg/mL	2.85 ± 0.097	2.5 ± 0.094	<0.0001
Total tri-iodothyronine, ng/dL	95.1 ± 3.6	75.7 ± 3.4	<0.0001

¹All values are least squares means ± SEs. The data were analyzed by using a repeated-measures mixed model. BD, high-carbohydrate baseline diet; BHB, β-hydroxybutyrate; FFA, free fatty acid; KD, low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone.

²Values refer to the effects of the diet period and were not corrected for multiple comparisons.

³n = 16 for the only final time point during the KD as a result of a single outlier described in the main text.