Table 2.

In numerous ways, financially poor populations are vulnerable to adverse consequences of adverse environmental change. They are thus vulnerable to many adverse health effects, including impaired mental health, suicide, and other forms of self-harm, injuries, renal impairment, multifactorial poor health, and infectious diseases. The named groups and mechanisms are a small subset of the total number.

Population	Vulnerability	Health Effect
Poor coastal, delta and island populations	Flooding, trauma, forced migration, financial exploitation [68]	Poverty, infectious diseases, post-traumatic stress disorder, multifactorial poor health
Construction workers in the Persian Gulf [36,38,94]	Heat stress, labor and financial exploitation [96]	Dehydration, renal impairment, accidents, sudden death [97]
Members of religious and ethnic minorities, e.g., Buddhists in Bangladesh, Muslims in Myanmar [96]	Violence, exploitation, forced migration [98]	Post-traumatic stress disorder, physical trauma and undernutrition
Haj pilgrims [36]	Heat stress [36,37]	Dehydration, renal impairment, accidents, infectious diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome [99]
Sub-Saharan Africans [35,38]	Forced migration	Drowning, abuse, trafficking, exploitation, infectious diseases, suicide [100,101]
Existing refugees	Discrimination, imprisonment, undernutrition, denial of health services	Injuries, multifactorial poor health, including of mental well-being [102,103]