Table 5.
Age-specific effect of change in FVC (L) per increase IQR † of O3 concentration by various lags and four methods for estimating exposure.
| Lag Day | Age | FVC (L) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Method 1 | Method 2 | Method 3 | Method 4 | ||||||
| β | (95% CI) | β | (95% CI) | β | (95% CI) | β | (95% CI) | ||
| 0 day | 9–14 | −0.12 | (−0.21, −0.03) * | −0.00 | (−0.07, 0.07) | −0.01 | (−0.07, 0.06) | −0.02 | (−0.10, 0.06) |
| 15–64 | −0.02 | (−0.06, 0.03) | 0.01 | (−0.03, 0.05) | 0.01 | (−0.02, 0.05) | 0.02 | (−0.02, 0.07) | |
| ≥65 | −0.04 | (−0.10, 0.01) | −0.03 | (−0.09, 0.03) | −0.02 | (−0.07, 0.03) | −0.03 | (−0.09, 0.04) | |
| All | 0.03 | (−0.01, 0.07) | −0.00 | (−0.04, 0.03) | 0.02 | (−0.01, 0.05) | 0.03 | (−0.01, 0.06) | |
| 1 day | 9–14 | −0.09 | (−0.15, −0.03) * | −0.08 | (−0.13, −0.03) * | −0.09 | (−0.14, −0.04) * | −0.11 | (−0.17, −0.04) * |
| 15–64 | −0.04 | (−0.09, 0.01) | 0.01 | (−0.03, 0.05) | −0.02 | (−0.06, 0.03) | −0.02 | (−0.08, 0.03) | |
| ≥65 | 0.00 | (−0.05, 0.06) | −0.03 | (−0.08, 0.03) | −0.00 | (−0.05, 0.04) | −0.01 | (−0.07, 0.05) | |
| All | 0.04 | (−0.00, 0.07) | 0.03 | (−0.00, 0.07) | 0.03 | (−0.01, 0.06) | 0.04 | (0.00, 0.09) | |
| 2 days | 9–14 | −0.10 | (−0.15, −0.05) ** | −0.11 | (−0.16, −0.06) ** | −0.09 | (−0.13, −0.05) ** | −0.11 | (−0.16, −0.06) ** |
| 15–64 | 0.02 | (−0.03, 0.07) | −0.01 | (−0.06, 0.04) | −0.01 | (−0.05, 0.03) | 0.02 | (−0.04, 0.08) | |
| ≥65 | −0.01 | (−0.06, 0.05) | −0.03 | (−0.10, 0.04) | −0.01 | (−0.06, 0.04) | −0.01 | (−0.07, 0.05) | |
| All | 0.07 | (0.03, 0.10) | 0.05 | (0.01, 0.09) | 0.04 | (0.01, 0.07) | 0.07 | (0.03, 0.12) | |
| 0–1 day | 9–14 | −0.11 | (−0.19, −0.04) * | −0.06 | (−0.13, 0.00) | −0.07 | (−0.14, −0.01) * | −0.09 | (−0.17, −0.01) * |
| 15–64 | −0.04 | (−0.09, 0.02) | 0.01 | (−0.03, 0.06) | 0.00 | (−0.04, 0.05) | 0.01 | (−0.05, 0.06) | |
| ≥65 | −0.02 | (−0.08, 0.03) | −0.03 | (−0.10, 0.03) | −0.01 | (−0.06, 0.04) | −0.02 | (−0.09, 0.05) | |
| All | 0.04 | (−0.00, 0.08) | 0.02 | (−0.02, 0.06) | 0.03 | (−0.01, 0.07) | 0.05 | (−0.00, 0.09) | |
| 1–2 days | 9–14 | −0.11 | (−0.17, −0.06) ** | −0.11 | (−0.16, −0.06) ** | −0.10 | (−0.15, −0.05) ** | −0.12 | (−0.18, −0.07) ** |
| 15–64 | −0.02 | (−0.07, 0.04) | 0.00 | (−0.05, 0.06) | −0.02 | (−0.07, 0.03) | −0.00 | (−0.07, 0.06) | |
| ≥65 | −0.00 | (−0.060, 0.057) | −0.04 | (−0.11, 0.03) | −0.01 | (−0.06, 0.04) | −0.01 | (−0.08, 0.06) | |
| All | 0.07 | (0.02, 0.11) | 0.05 | (0.01, 0.10) | 0.05 | (0.01, 0.08) | 0.07 | (0.02, 0.12) | |
| 0–2 days | 9–14 | −0.13 | (−0.20, −0.06) ** | −0.11 | (−0.18, −0.04) * | −0.12 | (−0.18, −0.05) ** | −0.14 | (−0.22, −0.07) ** |
| 15–64 | −0.03 | (−0.09, 0.04) | 0.01 | (−0.05, 0.06) | −0.00 | (−0.06, 0.05) | 0.02 | (−0.05, 0.08) | |
| ≥65 | −0.02 | (−0.08, 0.04) | −0.04 | (−0.12, 0.03) | −0.01 | (−0.07, 0.04) | −0.02 | (−0.09, 0.05) | |
| All | 0.07 | (0.02, 0.11) | 0.04 | (−0.01, 0.08) | 0.05 | (0.01, 0.09) | 0.07 | (0.02, 0.12) | |
†: IQR is 17.3 ppb for O3, FVC: forced vital capacity, Method 1: simple averaging, Method 2: nearest neighbor, Method 3: inverse distance weighting, Method 4: kriging, CI: confidence interval, 0 day: lung function test day, 1 day: 1 day before lung function test, 2 days: 2 days before lung function test, 0–1 day: average of the test day and previous day, 1–2 days: average of the last 2 days, 0–2 days: average of the test day and last 2 days. **: p < 0.001, *: p < 0.05.