Table 3.
Physical Decay Characteristics of Various “Nonstandard” Cyclotron-Produced Radionuclides for Positron Emission Tomography8,9
| Radionuclide | Half-Life (error) |
Decay Mode (% branching ratio)* |
Production Route | E(β +)/keV | β+ End-Point Energy/keV |
Abundance, Iβ+/% |
Eγ/keV (intensity, Iγ/%) |
References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 34mCI | 14.60 (5) h | ε + β+ (55.4 [6]) β+ (54.3 [8]) IT (44.6 [6]) |
34S(p,n)34mCI 32S(α,pn)34mCI |
554.81 (24) 1,099.01 (21) |
1,311.43 (8) 2,488.08 (8) |
25.6 (5) 28.4 (7) |
511.0 (108.5) 146.4 (40.5) 1,176.6 (14.1) 2,127.5 (42.8) 3,304.0 (12.3) |
97,98 |
| 38K | 7.636 (18) m | ε + β+ (100) β+ (99.53 [5]) |
38Ar(p,n)38K | 1,212.08 (20) | 2,724.4 (4) | 99.333 (13) | 511.0 (199.1) 2,167.5 (99.9) |
1,99,100 |
| 45Ti | 184.8 (5) m | ε + β+ (100) β+ (84.82 [13]) |
45Sc(p,n)45Ti | 1,040.1 (5) | 438.93 (22) | 84.80 (13) | 511.0 (169.6) | 101–103 |
| 51Mn | 46.4 (1) m | ε + β+ (100%) β+ (97.08 [7]) |
50Cr(d,n)51Mn natCr(p,x)51Mn |
963.67 (19) | 2,185.5 (4) | 96.86 (7) | 511.0 (194.17) | 99,104 |
| 52Mn | 5.591 (3) d | ε + β+ (100) β+ (29.6 [4]) |
natCr(p,xn)52Mn | 241.8 (9) | 575.6 (19) | 29.6 (4) | 511.0 (59.2) 744.2 (90.0) 935.5 (94.5) 1,434.1 (100.0) |
105 |
| 52Fe | 8.275 (8) h | ε + β+ (100) β+ (99.58) |
natNi(p,x)52Fe | 1,990 (64) | 4,473 (6) | 99.58 | 511.0 (199.2) 621.7 (51) 869.9 (93) 929.5 (100) 1,416.1 (48) |
2,8, 106–113 |
| 55Co | 17.53 (3) h | ε + β+ (100) β+ (76 [3]) |
56Fe(p,2n)55Co 54Fe(d,n)55Co 58Ni(p,α)55Co |
435.68 (20) 648.98 (20) |
1,021.3 (4) 1,498.5 (4) |
25.6 (15) 46 (3) |
511.0 (152) 931.1 (75) 1,408.5 (16.9) |
8,114–118 |
| 60Cu | 23.7 (4) m | ε + β+ (100) β+ (93 [4]) |
60Ni(p,n)60Cu | 872.0 (10) 1,324.9 (10) |
1,980.8 (21) 2,946.0 (21) |
49.0 (23) 15.0 (12) |
511.0 (185) 826.4 (21.7) 1,332.5 (88.0) 1,791.3 (45.4) |
119,120 |
| 61Cu | 3.333 (5) h | ε + β+ (100) β+ (61 [5]) |
61Ni(p,n)61Cu 60Ni(d,n)61Cu |
523.69 (54) | 1,215.2 (12) | 51 (5) | 511.0 (123) 656.0 (10.8) |
119–122 |
| 64Cu | 12.701 (2)h | ε + β+(61.5[3]) β+(17.60 [22]) β− (38.5 [3]) |
64Ni(p,n)64Cu 67Zn(p,α)64Cu |
278.21 (9) | 653.03 (20) | 17.60 (22) | 511.0 (35.2) | 46,123 |
| 66Ga | 9.49 (7) h | ε + β+ (100) β+ (56.0 [15]) |
66Zn(p,n)66Ga 63Cu(α,n)66Ga |
1,904.1 (15) | 4,153 (3) | 50.0 (15) | 511.0 (112) 1,039.2 (36.9) 2,751.75 (23.3) |
8,28, 124–127 |
| 71As | 65.28 (15) h | ε + β+ (100) β+ (28.3 [8]) |
70Ge(p,γ)71As | 352.0 (18) | 816 (4) | 27.9 (8) | 511.0 (56.5) | 128 |
| 72As | 26.0 (1) h | ε + β+ (100) β+ (87.8 [23]) |
70Ge(α,2n)72Se/ 72As 72Ge(p,n)72As |
1,117.0 (19) 1,528.5 (19) |
2,500 (4) 3,334 (4) |
64.2 (15) 16.3 (17) |
511.0 (176) 834.0 (79.5) |
129–133 |
| 74As | 17.77 (2) d | ε + β+ (66 [2]) β+ (29 [3]) β− (34 (2)%) |
74Ge(p,n)74As 73Ge(d,n)74As |
408.0 (8) | 944.6 (17) | 26.1 (22) | 511.0 (58) 595.8 (59) 634.8 (15.4) |
129 |
| 75Br | 96.7 (13) m | ε + β+ (100) β+ (73 [5]) |
76Se(p,2n)75Br | 758 (7) | 1,721 (14) | 52 (3) | 511.0 (146) | 134 |
| 76Br | 16.2 (2) h | ε + β+ (100%) β+ (55 [3]) |
76Se(p,n)76Br 75As(α,3n)76Br |
1,532 (8) | 3,383 (9) | 25.8 (19) | 511.0 (109) 559.1 (74) 657.0 (15.9) 1,853.7 (14.7) |
135,136 |
| 82mRb | 6.472 (6) h | ε + β+ (100%) β+ (21.2 [16]) |
82Kr(p,n)82mRb | 352 (11) | 798 (7) | 19.7 (16) | 511.0 (42) 554.4 (62.4) 619.1 (38.0) 698.4 (26.3) 776.5 (84.4) 827.8 (21.0) 1,044.1 (32.1) 1,317.4 (23.7) 1,474.9 (15.5) |
137–139 |
| 86Y | 14.74 (2) h | ε + β+ (100) β+ (31.9 [21]) |
86Sr(p,n)86Y | 535 (7) | 1,221 (14) | 11.9 (5) | 443.1 (16.9) 511.0 (64) 627.7 (36.2) 703.3 (15) 777.4 (22.4) 1,076.6 (82.5) 1,153.0 (30.5) 1,854.4 (17.2) 1,920.7 (20.8) |
47 |
| 89Zr | 78.41 (12) h | ε + β+ (100) β+ (22.74 [24]) |
89Y(p,n)89Zr | 395.5 (11) | 902 (3) | 22.74 (24) | 511.0 (45.5) 909.2 (99.0) |
39–43, 45 |
| 90Nb | 14.60 (5) h | ε + β+ (100) β+ (51.2 [18]) |
90Zr(p,n)90Nb | 662.2 (18) | 1,500 (4) | 51.1 (18) | 511.0 (102) 1,129.2 (92.7) 2,186.2 (18.0) 2,319.0 (82.0) |
140,141 |
| 94mTc | 52.0 (10) m | ε + β+ (100) β+ (70.2 [4]) |
94Mo(p,n)94mTc | 1,094 | 2,439 (5) | 67.6 (4) | 511.0 (140.3) 871.1 (94.2) |
48, 142–146 |
| 120I | 81.6 (2) m | ε + β+ (100) β+(68.2 [12]) |
l22Te(p,3n)120I | 1,845.0 (72) 2,099.3 (70) |
4,033 (15) 4,593 (15) |
29.3 (7) 19.0 (7) |
511.0 (136.5) 560.4 (69.6) 1,523.0 (10.9) |
1 |
| 124I | 4.1760 (3) d | ε + β+ (100) β+(22.7 [13]) |
l24Te(p,n)124I | 687.04 (85) 974.74 (85) |
1,534.9 (19) 2,137.6 (19) |
11.7 (10) 10.7 (9) |
511.0 (45) 602.7 (62.9) 722.8 (10.4) 1,691.0 (11.2) |
49, 147–149 |
ε = electron capture; IT = isomeric transition; m = minutes.
*
Where positrons or γ-rays with different energies are emitted, only those with abundance > 10% are listed.
Unless otherwise stated and where available, standard deviations are given in parentheses.