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. 2016 Jul 27;12:157. doi: 10.1186/s12917-016-0784-7

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© The Author(s). 2016

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 4 — Plots of P-spline smoothers of continuous pre- and intraoperative variables. Penalised regression models were used to investigate the functional form of the relationships between the log hazard of postoperative death and continuous variables measured pre and intraoperatively. The plots show the fitted curves with 95 % confidence intervals (dashed lines) and the rug plots along the x-axes represent the number of data points. Dotted horizontal lines are at log hazard of zero. The p values are from chi square tests for non-linearity where a significant p value (p >0.05) indicates a non-linear association