Fig. 3.

Structural alterations of nuclear envelope induce ATR activation. Structural alterations in nuclear envelope caused by the torsional stress or by external mechanical stimulus recruit and activates ATR followed by consequent cellular response through CHK1 phosphorylation (depicted). Disruption of membrane fluidity by altering phospholipid composition or disruption of lamins by HIV Viral protein R(VPR) also activates ATR. Similar to ATR mediated DDR, ATR signaling from NE disruption can phosphorylate proteins like CHK1 and p53 and induce cellular response such cell cycle arrest.