Table 2.
Education and the risk of death (hazard ratios), U. S. adult respondents ages 25+, 1985-2009
| Panel A: Years of education
|
Panel B: Degrees attained
|
Panel C: Years of educ. and degrees
|
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | Model 7 | Model 8 | Model 9 | |
| Years of education | 0.96*** | 0.97*** | 0.98*** | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 | |||
| Degrees (High School Diploma) | |||||||||
| No degree or diploma | 1.22*** | 1.18** | 1.16** | 1.26** | 1.22** | 1.21** | |||
| GED | 1.09 | 1.06 | 1.07 | 1.11 | 1.09 | 1.10 | |||
| AA | 0.61* | 0.61* | 0.61* | 0.60* | 0.60* | 0.60* | |||
| BA | 0.72*** | 0.77** | 0.76** | 0.70*** | 0.74** | 0.74** | |||
| MA/JD/MD/PhD | 0.62*** | 0.67*** | 0.66*** | 0.61*** | 0.64*** | 0.63*** | |||
| Certification | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.93 | ||||||
| Controls | |||||||||
| Male | 1.62*** | 1.61*** | 1.62*** | 1.66*** | 1.65*** | 1.65*** | 1.66*** | 1.65*** | 1.66*** |
| Race/ethnicity (NH white) | |||||||||
| Non-Hispanic black | 1.12* | 1.10+ | 1.10+ | 1.11+ | 1.10+ | 1.10+ | 1.11+ | 1.11+ | 1.11+ |
| Non-Hispanic other | 0.84 | 0.82 | 0.82 | 0.87 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.87 | 0.85 | 0.85 |
| Hispanic | 0.67* | 0.65* | 0.65** | 0.68* | 0.65* | 0.65* | 0.68* | 0.66* | 0.66* |
| Marital status (married) | |||||||||
| Single | 1.59*** | 1.59*** | 1.59*** | 1.61*** | 1.61*** | 1.60*** | 1.60*** | 1.60*** | 1.60*** |
| Widowed | 1.63*** | 1.63*** | 1.63*** | 1.62*** | 1.62*** | 1.62*** | 1.63*** | 1.63*** | 1.62*** |
| Divorced | 1.44*** | 1.43*** | 1.43*** | 1.41*** | 1.41*** | 1.41*** | 1.41*** | 1.40*** | 1.40*** |
| Region (Northeast) | |||||||||
| North Central | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.04 |
| South | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.97 |
| West | 0.89 | 0.90 | 0.91 | 0.89 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.89 | 0.90 | 0.90 |
| Foreign country residence | 0.49 | 0.51 | 0.52 | 0.49 | 0.51 | 0.52 | 0.49 | 0.51 | 0.52 |
| Social Origins | |||||||||
| Poor growing up | 1.05 | 1.04 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.06 | 1.06 | |||
| Father Education (less than HS) | |||||||||
| High school degree | 0.92 | 0.92 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.94 | |||
| Don’t know | 0.85+ | 0.85+ | 0.86+ | 0.85+ | 0.86 | 0.86 | |||
| Mother’s education (less than HS) | |||||||||
| High school degree | 0.82** | 0.81** | 0.84** | 0.84** | 0.84** | 0.84** | |||
| Don’t know | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 1.00 | |||
| Father occupation (professional) | |||||||||
| Craftsman/laborers | 1.09 | 1.10 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.06 | |||
| Farm managers | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 | |||
| Other/don’t know | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.91 | |||
| Lived with two parents | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| BIC | 34133 | 34179 | 34187 | 34134 | 34189 | 34197 | 34142 | 34198 | 34205 |
Source: Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 1985-2009
Notes: Accounts for clustering between couples. Referent is listed in parentheses. N=9,821.
***
p ≤ .001;
**
p ≤ .01;
*
p ≤ .05;
+
p ≤ .10