Table 1.
Demographic and laboratory characteristics of study participants, by ethnicity and gender
|
Men
|
Women
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
European American
(N=249) |
African American
(N=303) |
P-value † |
European American
(N=313) |
African American
(N=450) |
P-value † | |
| Age, years | 62.8 (9.1) | 56.6 (9.6) | <0.001 | 61.8 (8.8) | 56.3 (9.5) | <0.001 |
| Smoking | <0.001 | 0.10 | ||||
| Never | 59 (23.7) | 83 (27.4) | 177 (56.9) | 219 (49.0) | ||
| Former | 157 (63.1) | 128 (42.2) | 88 (28.3) | 144 (32.2) | ||
| Current | 33 (13.3) | 92 (30.4) | 46 (14.8) | 84 (18.8) | ||
| Diabetes duration, years | 10.8 (7.6) | 10.2 (7.8) | 0.11* | 9.5 (6.5) | 10.1 (7.4) | 0.34* |
| Median (Min- Max) | 9 (1-46) | 8 (0-52) | 7 (0-35) | 8 (0-48) | ||
| Weight, kg | 98.3(19.2) | 100.5(23.6) | 0.16 | 86.9(19.7) | 97.9(24.3) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 139.2 (18.7) | 133.5 (18.3) | <0.001 | 139.7 (18.0) | 136.4 (21.1) | 0.02 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 74.4 (10.1) | 78.4 (10.9) | <0.001 | 71.7 (9.7) | 76.3 (11.8) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 209 (83.9) | 245 (80.9) | 0.40 | 275 (87.9) | 385 (85.6) | 0.22 |
| Insulin therapy, n (%) | 58 (23.3) | 125 (41.3) | 0.02 | 80 (25.6) | 180 (40.1) | <.001 |
| Oral hypoglycemic agents, n (%) | 205 (82.3) | 227 (74.9) | 0.12 | 239 (76.4) | 348 (77.5) | 0.14 |
| Statins, n (%) | 113 (45.4) | 138 (45.5) | 0.85 | 121 (38.7) | 209 (46.4) | 0.005 |
| Prior CVD, n (%) | 110 (44.9) | 95 (32.8) | 0.04 | 89 (28.9) | 129 (29.3) | 0.75 |
| Total Cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.52 (0.93) | 4.52 (0.86) | 0.97 | 5.06 (1.15) | 4.96 (1.03) | 0.50 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 0.99 (0.26) | 1.15 (0.31) | <0.001 | 1.21 (0.32) | 1.31 (0.38) | <0.001 |
| LDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.56 (0.77) | 2.74 (0.96) | 0.03 | 2.81 (0.91) | 2.89 (0.94) | 0.30 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 2.27 (−1.62) | 1.54(1.75) | <0.001* | 2.31 (1.32) | 1.44 (1.05) | <.001* |
| Median (Min- Max) | 1.84 (0.34-12.07) | 1.20 (0.23-20.88) | 2.05 (0.53-12.03) | 1.16 (0.43-12.31) | ||
| HbA1c, % | 7.5 (1.6) | 8.3 (2.0) | <0.001 | 7.4 (1.6) | 8.3 (2.4) | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 8.05 (2.96) | 8.77 (4.16) | 0.11* | 8.11 (2.96) | 8.33 (3.67) | 0.91* |
| Median (Min-Max) | 133 (38-377) | 138.5 (32-568) | 134 (66-436) | 134 (32-448) | ||
| CKD-EPI eGFR, ml/min/1.73m2 | 69.8 (15.0) | 87.2 (22.7) | <0.001 | 64.5 (16.2) | 84.9 (25.9) | <0.001 |
| Urine albumin:creatinine, mg/mmol | 9.99 (28.20) | 17.98 (58.10) | 0.38* | 10.74 (62.14) | 21.87 (80.64) | 0.58* |
| Median (Min-Max) | 1.71 (0.08-230.48) | 2.10 (0-502.43) | 1.49 (0.08-1003.78) | 1.36 (0-755.23) | ||
| C-reactive protein, nmol/L | 38.10 (47.62) | 66.67 (95.24) | <0.001* | 66.67 (95.24) | 104.76 (180.90) | <0.001* |
| Median (Min-Max) | 19.05 (0.10-285.72) | 28.57 (0-651.44) | 38.10 (0.95-914.30) | 57.14 (0-1895.28) | ||
Data expressed as mean (SD) for continuous characteristics; n (%) for discrete characteristics; median (Min - Max) for variables with highly skewed distributions. CVD: cardiovascular disease; CKD-EPI eGFR: Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c.
†
Unadjusted GEE model used to calculate p-values.
*
Log transformed variables used to calculate p-values.