Distinct TLR-mediated cytokine production by adult and newborn circulating B cells. Naïve B cells were stimulated with HKLM (109 cells/mL), R848 (10 μM), CpG (1 μM), or vehicle control for 24 hours before evaluation of supernatant cytokines by multiplex assay. Neonatal B cells demonstrated impaired TLR2- and 7- but enhanced TLR9-mediated responses. N=6-8, Student’s t-tests, * p<0.05, ** p<0.01.