Table 4.

Biases generated from the Gini coefficient using Trapezium, Simpson 1/3 and Simpson 3/8 numerical integration methods as compared with the exact estimation

Region/family head	Trapezium rule	Simpson’s 1/3 rule	Simpson’s 3/8 rule
Greater Accra	−0.0282	−0.0122	−0.0162
Eastern	−0.0304	−0.014	−0.0206
Ashanti	−0.0276	−0.0164	−0.0192
Volta	−0.0256	−0.012	−0.0188
Western	−0.0116	−0.0112	−0.0114
Brong Ahafo	−0.0934	−0.0856	−0.0892
Central	−0.016	−0.01	−0.0118
Northern	−0.015	−0.003	−0.0048
Upper East	−0.0402	−0.0202	−0.028
Upper West	−0.1966	−0.0206	−0.027
Rural	−0.0106	−0.0034	−0.004
Urban	−0.0992	−0.0377	−0.0434
Male head	−0.0204	−0.0026	−0.0038
Female head	−0.0894	−0.0363	−0.0436
All	−0.0549	−0.0195	−0.0237