Table 1.
Summary of studies on resistance to a single drug among Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in Iran.
| Study | Resistance to a single drug | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Location | Author | Years | Method | No. of isolates tested | INH | RIF | SM | EMB | ||||
| N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |||||
| Ardebil | Velayati et al., 2014 | 2010–2011 | PCR(a) | 65 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | … | … | … | … |
| Fars | Velayati et al., 2014 | 2010–2011 | PCR(a) | 40 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 12.5 | … | … | … | … |
| Gilan | Velayati et al., 2014 | 2010–2011 | PCR(a) | 39 | 1 | 2.5 | 2 | 5 | … | … | … | … |
| Golestan | Javid et al., 2009 | 2008 | PCR(b) | 87 | 6 | 7 | 4 | 5 | … | … | … | … |
| Agar proportion | 45 | 4 | 9 | 6 | 13 | … | … | … | … | |||
| Livani et al., 2011 | … | MGIT | 148 | 26 | 18 | 5 | 3 | … | … | … | … | |
| Velayati et al., 2014 | 2010–2011 | PCR(a) | 47 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 4 | … | … | … | … | |
| Qom | Velayati et al., 2014 | 2010–2011 | PCR(a) | 61 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 5 | … | … | … | … |
| Hormozgan | Velayati et al., 2014 | 2010–2011 | PCR(a) | 38 | 3 | 8 | 3 | 8 | … | … | … | … |
| Nasiri et al., 2014 | 2010–2012 | Agar proportion | 48 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 2 | 4 | |
| Hamedan | Velayati et al., 2014 | 2010–2011 | PCR(a) | 21 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 10 | … | … | … | … |
| Isfahan | Velayati et al., 2014 | 2010–2011 | PCR(a) | 42 | 5 | 12 | 3 | 7 | … | … | … | … |
| Nasiri et al., 2014 | 2010–2012 | Agar proportion | 45 | 2 | 7 | 2 | 9 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
| Moniri, 2001 | 1998–2009 | Agar proportion | 94 | 17 | 18 | 41 | 44 | 14 | 15 | 3 | 3 | |
| Khorasan | Namaei et al., 2006 | 2001–2002 | indirect proportion | 105 | 1 | 1 | … | … | 27 | 26 | … | … |
| Velayati et al., 2014 | 2010–2011 | PCR(a) | 117 | 10 | 8.5 | 9 | 8 | … | … | … | … | |
| Sani et al., 2015 | 2012–2013 | Agar proportion | 100 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 3 | 3 | |
| Kermanshah | Izadi et al., 2011 | 2006–2008 | Agar proportion | 14 | 8 | 57 | 6 | 43 | … | … | … | … |
| Velayati et al., 2014 | 2010–2011 | PCR(a) | 16 | 1 | 6 | 2 | 12.5 | … | … | … | … | |
| Nasiri et al., 2014 | 2010–2012 | Agar proportion | 15 | 4 | 26.6 | 3 | 20 | 3 | 20 | 3 | 20 | |
| Mohajeri et al., 2014 | 2011–2012 | Agar proportion | 112 | 18 | 16 | 16 | 14 | 25 | 22 | 15 | 13 | |
| Kermanshah | Mohajeri et al., 2015 | 2011–2013 | Agar proportion | 125 | … | … | 35 | 28 | … | … | … | … |
| Khozestan | Khosravi et al., 2006 | 2001 | PCR(c) | 80 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7.5 | … | … | … | … |
| Velayati et al., 2014 | 2010–2011 | PCR(a) | 119 | 7 | 6 | 3 | 2.5 | … | … | … | … | |
| Kerman | Velayati et al., 2014 | 2010–2011 | PCR(a) | 24 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 12.5 | … | … | … | … |
| Kordestan | Velayati et al., 2014 | 2010–2011 | PCR(a) | 16 | 2 | 12.5 | 0 | 0 | … | … | … | … |
| Lorestan | Velayati et al., 2014 | 2010–2011 | PCR(a) | 24 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 21 | … | … | … | … |
| Mazandaran | Pourhajibagher et al., 2012 | 2010–2011 | PCR(d) | 59 | 4(use of katG gene) 3(use of inhA gene) | 7 5 | 1 | 2 | … | … | … | … |
| Velayati et al., 2014 | 2010–2011 | PCR(a) | 26 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 4 | … | … | … | … | |
| Babamahmoodi et al., 2014 | … | LPA(e) | 54 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 5.5 | 4 | 7 | … | … | |
| Markazi | Taherahmadi et al., 2013 | … | Agar proportion PCR-RFLP (f) | 60 | … | … | … | … | … | … | 43 19 | 72 32 |
| Farazi et al., 2013 | 2011–2012 | Agar proportion | 115 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 8 | 7 | |
| Velayati et al., 2014 | 2010–2011 | PCR(a) | 15 | 3 | 20 | 3 | 20 | … | … | … | … | |
| Qazvin | Velayati et al., 2014 | 2010–2011 | PCR(a) | 10 | 1 | 10 | 0 | 0 | … | … | … | … |
| Semnan | Velayati et al., 2014 | 2010–2011 | PCR(a) | 21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | … | … | … | … |
| Zakerbostanabad et al., 2008 | 2005–2006 | Agar proportion | 91 | 28 | 31 | 4 | 4 | 23 | 25 | 8 | 9 | |
| Sistan va Balochestan | Bahrmand et al., 2009 | 2005–2006 | Agar proportion | 286 | … | … | 78 | 27 | … | … | … | … |
| Velayati et al., 2014 | 2010–2011 | PCR(a) | 165 | 8 | 5 | 10 | 6 | … | … | … | … | |
| Nasiri et al., 2014 | 2010–2012 | Agar proportion | 59 | 5 | 8 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 13.5 | 3 | 5 | |
| Tehran | Ostadzadeh et al., 2011 | … | Agar proportion | 50 | … | … | 25 | 50 | … | … | … | … |
| Farnia et al., 2008a | … | Agar proportion MGMT Both of them | 60 | 0 0 30 | 0 0 50 | 0 0 30 | 0 0 50 | 4 3 29 | 7 5 48 | 3 5 28 | 5 8 47 | |
| Sheikholslami et al., 2011 | … | Agar proportion PCR-SSCP(g) | 74 | 17 10 | 23 13.5 | 7 4 | 9 5 | … | … | … | … | |
| Seyed-Davood Mansoori et al., 2003 | 1996–2000 | Agar proportion | 273 | 76 | 28 | 50 | 18.5 | 50 | 18.5 | 28 | 10 | |
| Bahrmand et al., 2000 | 1998–1999 | Agar proportion | 563 | 35 | 6 | 25 | 4 | 55 | 10 | 17 | 3 | |
| Mohammadi et al., 2002 | 1999–2000 | MGIT Direct MGIT in Direct Agar proportion | 15 | 10 10 7 | 67 67 47 | 11 11 8 | 73 73 53 | 5 6 7 | 33 40 47 | 5 5 5 | 33 33 33 | |
| Dinmohammadi et al., 2010 | 1999–2008 | Agar proportion | 90 | 52 | 58 | … | … | … | … | … | … | |
| Shamaei et al., 2009 | 2000–2003 | Agar proportion | 548 | 152 | 28 | 119 | 22 | 184 | 34 | 75 | 14 | |
| Merza et al., 2011 | 2000–2005 | Agar proportion | 1742 | 414 | 24 | 307 | 18 | 478 | 27 | 207 | 12 | |
| Mirsaeidi et al., 2007 | 2003–2004 | Agar proportion | 264 | 93 | 35 | 52 | 20 | 96 | 36 | 35 | 13 | |
| Marjani et al., 2012 | 2003–2008 | Agar proportion | 554 | 81 | 15 | 27 | 5 | 116 | 21 | 22 | 4 | |
| Varahram et al., 2014 | 2003–2011 | Agar proportion and Allele specific PCR | 4825 | 296 | 6 | … | … | … | … | … | … | |
| Farnia et al., 2008b | 2006–2007 | Agar proportion | 258 | 9 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 3 | 1 | 0.4 | |
| Mohammadi, 2012 | 2006–2008 | Agar proportion MAS-PCR(h) | 90 | … | … | 37 29 | 41 32 | … | … | … | … | |
| Tasbiti et al., 2011 | 2006–2009 | Agar proportion | 1027 | 116 | 11 | 110 | 11 | 232 | 23 | 104 | 10 | |
| Taghavi et al., 2011 | 2008–2009 | Agar proportion MAS-PCR(i) | 96 | 56 43 | 58 45 | … | … | … | … | |||
| Ali et al., 2014 | 2009–2011 | Agar proportion PCR-SSCP | 103 | 12 5 | 12 5 | 9 4 | 9 4 | … | … | … | … | |
| Velayati et al., 2014 | 2010–2011 | PCR(a) | 324 | 20 | 6 | 26 | 8 | |||||
| Derakhshani Nezhad et al., 2012 | 2010–2011 | Agar proportion Allele-specific PCR | 106 | … | … | … | … | … | … | 36 13 | 34 28 | |
| Tahmasebi et al., 2012 | 2010–2011 | Agar proportion | 97 | 68 | 70 | 63 | 65 | 28 | 29 | 47 | 48 | |
| Bahrami et al., 2013 | 2010–2012 | Agar proportion | 176 | … | … | … | … | … | … | 48 | 27 | |
| Nasiri et al., 2014 | 2010–2012 | Agar proportion | 85 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 14 | 16 | 6 | 7 | |
| Sheikh Ghomi et al., 2014 | 2012–2013 | Agar proportion and Multiplex PCR | 83 | 35 | 42 | 47 | 56 | … | … | … | … | |
| Tabriz | Zamanlou et al., 2009 | 2005–2007 | Agar proportion | 50 | 25 | 50 | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| Rafi et al., 2009 | … | Agar proportion | 90 | 6 | 7 | 3 | 3 | 17 | 19 | … | … | |
| Moadab and Rafi, 2006 | 1999–2003 | Agar proportion | 90 | 7 | 8 | 2 | 2 | 17 | 19 | … | … | |
| Asgharzadeh et al., 2007 | … | Agar proportion MAS-PCR(j) | 120 | 13 | 11 | 12 | 10 | 27 | 22.5 | 4 10 | 3 8 | |
| Roshdi and Moadab, 2009 | … | Agar proportion | 103 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 8 | 0 | 0 | |
| Varshochi et al., 2006 | 2003–2004 | Agar proportion | 90 | 20 | 22 | 9 | 10 | 28 | 31 | 5 | 5.5 | |
| Hassan Heidarnejad and Nagili, 2001 | … | Agar proportion | 155 | 12 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 20 | 13 | 0 | 0 | |
| Asgharzadeh et al., 2014 | … | Agar proportion | 120 | 13 | 11 | 12 | 10 | 27 | 22.5 | 4 | 3 | |
| Yazd | Velayati et al., 2014 | 2010–2011 | PCR(a) | 12 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | … | … | … | … |
| Tehran-Arak | Taheri et al., 2013 | … | Agar proportion | 40 | … | … | 20 | 50 | … | … | … | … |
| Tehran–Alborz-Sistan va Blochestan-Hormozgan-Kermanshah | Haeili et al., 2013 | 2010–2012 | Agar proportion | 291 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 21 | 7 | 2 | 1 |
| Tehran-Zabol-Kermanshah-Mashad-Tabriz | Bostanabad et al., 2011 | 2007–2008 | Agar proportion | 163 | 42 | 26 | 38 | 23 | 38 | 23 | 12 | 7 |
| Unknown | Moaddab et al., 2011 | … | Agar proportion and MIC | 50 | 25 | 50 | … | … | … | … | … | … |
(a): Multiplex-PCR assay for detection of mutations in RRDR(Rifampin resistance determinant region), and PCR assay for detection of mutations in IRDR (Isoniazid resistance determinant region) of katG, inhA.
(b): PCR assay for detection of mutations in RRDR of rpoB and IRDRof katG and inhA.
(c): PCR assay for detection of mutations in RRDR of rpoB and IRDR of katG.
(d): PCR assay for detection of mutations in RRDR of rpoB and IRDR of katG and inhA.
(e): Line Probe Assay.
(f): PCR-RFLP assay for detection of mutations in ERDR (Ethambotol resistance determinant region) of embB.
(g): PCR-SSCP assay for detection of mutations in RRDR of rpoB, ahpC and IRDR of katG, inhA.
(h): Mass-PCR assay for detection of mutations in RRDR of rpoB.
(i): Mass-PCR assay for detection of mutations in IRDR of katG.
(j): MAS-PCR assay for detection of mutations in ERDR of embB.
MGIT, Mycobacterium growth indicator tube; MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; MGMT, malachite green microtube.