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. 2016 Jul 28;3:24. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2016.00024

Table 1.

Clinical risk factors for cancer-associated venous thromboembolism.

Cancer-related factors

  • Primary site of cancer (17, 18, 28, 30, 32); brain, pancreas, kidney, stomach, lung, gynecologic, lymphoma, myeloma

  • Advanced stage of cancer (18, 30, 45)

  • Initial period after diagnosis of cancer (26, 31, 54, 55)

  • Histology (29, 56)

Treatment-related factors

  • Major surgery (45)

  • Hospitalization (32, 48, 49)

  • Cancer therapy

    • ◦

      Chemotherapy (3, 31, 39, 48)

    • ◦

      Hormonal therapy (57)

    • ◦

      Anti-angiogenic agents (33–37, 58–60)

    • ◦

      Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (40, 61)

    • ◦

      Transfusions (41)

    • ◦

      Central venous catheters (46, 47)

Patient-related factors

  • Older age (32, 45)

  • Female sex (32)

  • Race (32, 43, 56)

    • ◦

      Higher in African American

    • ◦

      Lower in Asians/Pacific Islanders

  • Comorbidities (43, 44, 48, 56, 62)

  • Inherited prothrombotic mutations (28, 63); Factor V Leiden, prothrombin gene mutation

  • Prior h/o VTE (45, 51–53)

  • Performance status (26, 45)

Biomarkers (61, 62, 64, 65)

  • Prechemotherapy platelet count ≥350,000

  • Prechemotherapy leukocyte count >11,000

  • Increased tumor cell expression of tissue factor (TF) (8, 21, 66)

Modified from Khorana et al.