Figure 1. Map of the Nordic seas.

Location of studied sediment core JM11-FI-19PC (yellow star) along with nearby core ENAM93-21/MD95-2009 (refs ³, ⁶⁶, ⁶⁷, ⁶⁸) (magenta coloured circle) and core MSM5/5-712-2¹⁷ (black star) from the Svalbard margin, discussed in the text, are marked. Bathymetry from GEBCO 2014 grid (http://www.gebco.net/). Major surface (solid and dashed black lines) and bottom currents (dotted black lines), locations of Arctic Front (AF) including the Iceland-Faroe front (IFF)) and Polar Front (PF) (dashed white lines) are indicated together with the modern location of summer sea ice limit (shaded white area with drift ice), and the location of the Arctic surface water (shaded area with diagonal lines), as well as the Ruddiman belt (shaded area with wave-shaped lines). EGC, East Greenland Current; EIC, East Icelandic Current; FC, Faroe Current; NAC, North Atlantic Current; NADW, North Atlantic Deep Water; NAW, North Atlantic Water; NwAC, Northwest Atlantic Current; NGRIP, North Grip ice core (orange triangle). Scale bar, 500 km.