Table 1.

Descriptive results (means and standard deviations) for mental health and Internet use measures at baseline.

Variablea	Total	Women	Men	Gender differenceb
	M (SD)	M (SD)	M (SD)	t	P	d
Depression	0.52 (0.59)	0.62 (0.64)	0.40 (0.49)	9.15	<.001	0.40
Anxiety	0.48 (0.49)	0.54 (0.51)	0.40 (0.45)	7.02	<.001	0.30
Stress	0.72 (0.60)	0.83 (0.63)	0.57 (0.53)	10.39	<.001	0.37
DASS (total)	0.57 (0.52)	0.67 (0.54)	0.46 (0.45)	9.71	<.001	0.42
Time spent on the Internet	17.12 (17.72)	16.43 (17.04)	17.96 (18.50)	−1.99	.046	−0.09
Socializing	4.94 (1.73)	5.29 (1.62)	4.51 (1.77)	10.80	<.001	0.46
Gaming	3.05 (2.04)	2.03 (1.42)	4.33 (1.98)	−31.95	<.001	−1.33
School or work	3.71 (1.54)	4.01 (1.49)	3.34 (1.52)	10.44	<.001	0.45
Gambling	1.31 (0.98)	1.09 (0.51)	1.58 (1.30)	−12.06	<.001	−0.50
News	2.96 (1.66)	2.93 (1.63)	2.99 (1.69)	−0.83	.41	NS
Pornography	1.73 (1.48)	1.10 (0.55)	2.53 (1.86)	−25.42	<.001	−1.04
Targeted searches	3.28 (1.68)	3.28 (1.68)	3.29 (1.68)	−0.19	.85	NS
Finding friends	3.42 (1.79)	3.40 (1.81)	3.44 (1.76)	−0.45	.65	NS
Learning	4.07 (1.64)	4.02 (1.60)	4.12 (1.68)	−1.35	.18	NS
Having fun	4.66 (1.77)	4.49 (1.73)	4.88 (1.80)	−5.08	<.001	−0.22
Meaningfulness	4.12 (1.22)	4.10 (1.15)	4.14 (1.30)	−0.69	.49	NS
Impact on grades	3.95 (1.24)	3.95 (1.24)	3.93 (1.24)	0.37	.71	NS
Staying on the Internet longer	4.03 (1.86)	4.22 (1.84)	3.79 (1.86)	5.34	<.001	0.23
Prefers Web-based relations	2.14 (1.44)	1.99 (1.38)	2.31 (1.49)	−5.16	<.001	−0.22
Sleep loss	3.07 (1.97)	3.05 (1.98)	3.09 (1.95)	−0.51	.61	NS
Withdrawal (negative mood when inaccessible)	2.25 (1.52)	2.24 (1.54)	2.26 (1.49)	−0.22	.83	NS

^aMental health scores (depression, anxiety, stress, DASS total) range between 0 and 3. Time spent on the Internet is measured in hours. All other Internet-related measures range between 1 and 7.

^bGender differences were determined through independent samples t-tests; t-values, P values, and Cohen’s d are presented.