Appendix 1. Full Sample Regression Results - School Readiness Outcomes on Three-Generation Coresidence.
| Reading | Math | Expressive Language |
Externalizing | Internalizing | Prosocial | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ever Three-Generation | 0.03 (0.04) | 0.03 (0.03) | -0.01 (0.04) | -0.01 (0.04) | -0.04 (0.04) | -0.07 (0.05) |
| Maternal Characteristics | ||||||
| Age | ||||||
| <20 | -0.09 (0.08) | -0.06 (0.07) | -0.04 (0.08) | -0.10 (0.09) | 0.12 (0.10) | 0.24* (0.10) |
| 20-24 | -0.01 (0.06) | -0.04 (0.05) | -0.02 (0.07) | 0.03 (0.06) | 0.13+ (0.06) | 0.20** (0.06) |
| 25-29 | -0.08+ (0.04) | -0.06 (0.04) | -0.01 (0.05) | 0.11* (0.05) | 0.06 (0.05) | 0.06 (0.05) |
| 30-34 | -0.04 (0.04) | -0.01 (0.04) | 0.02 (0.04) | 0.07 (0.05) | 0.03 (0.05) | 0.01 (0.05) |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||
| White | 0.18 (0.12) | 0.28* (0.12) | 0.00 (0.09) | -0.08 (0.11) | -0.07 (0.12) | 0.07 (0.10) |
| Black | 0.25* (0.11) | 0.15 (0.12) | -0.12 (0.09) | -0.28* (0.12) | -0.49*** (0.13) | 0.13 (0.12) |
| Hispanic | 0.06 (0.12) | 0.05 (0.11) | -0.17 (0.10) | -0.18 (0.12) | -0.23+ (0.12) | 0.14 (0.11) |
| Asian | 0.50*** (0.13) | 0.46*** (0.12) | -0.13 (0.11) | -0.26+ (0.14) | -0.29* (0.14) | -0.03 (0.12) |
| American Indian | 0.05 (0.15) | 0.06 (0.14) | -0.15 (0.10) | -0.10 (0.14) | -0.19 (0.14) | 0.04 (0.14) |
| Immigrant | 0.01 (0.07) | -0.01 (0.07) | -0.09 (0.07) | -0.01 (0.07) | 0.21* (0.08) | -0.10 (0.08) |
| Relationship Status | ||||||
| Stably Married | -0.00 (0.08) | -0.04 (0.07) | -0.13 (0.09) | -0.23* (0.10) | 0.16+ (0.10) | -0.06 (0.10) |
| Stably Cohabiting | -0.15+ (0.08) | -0.12 (0.09) | -0.17 (0.12) | -0.29* (0.12) | 0.06 (0.11) | -0.04 (0.14) |
| Stably Single/Divorced | -0.20* (0.09) | -0.17* (0.08) | -0.04 (0.09) | -0.01 (0.10) | 0.13 (0.10) | -0.08 (0.12) |
| Partnered to Unpartnered | -0.16+ (0.09) | -0.07 (0.09) | -0.14 (0.10) | -0.15 (0.12) | 0.19+ (0.11) | -0.09 (0.14) |
| Unpartnered to Partnered | -0.20+ (0.11) | -0.20* (0.09) | 0.03 (0.09) | -0.07 (0.14) | 0.18+ (0.10) | -0.04 (0.13) |
| Poverty | ||||||
| Always poor | -0.30*** (0.06) | -0.34*** (0.06) | -0.21** (0.06) | 0.29*** (0.07) | 0.19** (0.07) | -0.18** (0.06) |
| Sometimes poor | -0.13** (0.04) | -0.16*** (0.04) | -0.10* (0.04) | 0.12* (0.05) | 0.10+ (0.06) | -0.01 (0.04) |
| Education | ||||||
| High School | 0.09* (0.04) | 0.12** (0.04) | -0.02 (0.05) | -0.03 (0.06) | 0.05 (0.05) | 0.08 (0.06) |
| Some college | 0.26*** (0.05) | 0.29*** (0.04) | 0.03 (0.06) | -0.02 (0.07) | 0.04 (0.06) | 0.23** (0.07) |
| College + | 0.47*** (0.06) | 0.53*** (0.05) | 0.13* (0.07) | -0.05 (0.07) | 0.21** (0.06) | 0.31*** (0.08) |
| Mother work prior to birth | 0.04 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.09* (0.04) | -0.02 (0.04) | 0.04 (0.04) | 0.03 (0.04) |
| WIC | -0.14** (0.05) | -0.14*** (0.04) | -0.06 (0.04) | 0.11* (0.04) | -0.06 (0.04) | -0.01 (0.04) |
| Number of siblings | ||||||
| One | -0.07* (0.03) | 0.01 (0.03) | -0.00 (0.03) | 0.14** (0.04) | -0.11** (0.04) | -0.01 (0.04) |
| Two | -0.12** (0.04) | -0.04 (0.04) | 0.05 (0.05) | 0.05 (0.05) | -0.19*** (0.04) | -0.11* (0.05) |
| Three+ | -0.12 (0.10) | 0.07 (0.10) | 0.04 (0.10) | -0.07 (0.11) | -0.13 (0.10) | 0.14 (0.10) |
| English primary language | -0.09 (0.07) | -0.07 (0.06) | -0.10 (0.07) | 0.05 (0.07) | -0.12* (0.06) | -0.07 (0.06) |
| Mother's English literacy | 0.02* (0.01) | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.08*** (0.01) | -0.01 (0.01) | -0.01 (0.01) | 0.03* (0.01) |
| Residential Moves | ||||||
| One | 0.00 (0.03) | -0.02 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.04 (0.04) | 0.02 (0.04) | 0.01 (0.04) |
| Two | 0.02 (0.04) | 0.04 (0.04) | 0.06 (0.05) | 0.04 (0.05) | 0.06 (0.05) | 0.03 (0.05) |
| Urban residence | 0.09 (0.05) | 0.06 (0.05) | 0.05 (0.05) | 0.00 (0.06) | -0.05 (0.05) | -0.04 (0.05) |
| Region | ||||||
| Northwest | -0.05 (0.06) | -0.06 (0.05) | -0.13* (0.05) | 0.12 (0.08) | 0.10 (0.07) | -0.15* (0.06) |
| South | 0.11+ (0.06) | -0.03 (0.05) | -0.09+ (0.05) | 0.08 (0.08) | -0.11+ (0.06) | -0.03 (0.06) |
| West | 0.04 (0.05) | -0.01 (0.05) | -0.09 (0.06) | 0.07 (0.08) | -0.01 (0.05) | -0.05 (0.06) |
| Child Characteristics | ||||||
| Boy | -0.15*** (0.03) | -0.05+ (0.02) | -0.12*** (0.03) | 0.39*** (0.03) | -0.02 (0.03) | -0.29*** (0.03) |
| Premature | -0.09* (0.04) | -0.06 (0.05) | -0.05 (0.05) | -0.06 (0.06) | -0.08 (0.06) | 0.00 (0.05) |
| Low birth weight | -0.08+ (0.04) | -0.21*** (0.04) | -0.14** (0.05) | 0.17** (0.05) | 0.14* (0.06) | -0.10* (0.05) |
| Kindergarten '06 | 0.12** (0.04) | 0.07 (0.05) | 0.03 (0.05) | -0.01 (0.05) | -0.02 (0.07) | -0.04 (0.05) |
| Child's Age in months | 0.07*** (0.01) | 0.07*** (0.01) | 0.03*** (0.00) | -0.02** (0.01) | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.01* (0.01) |
| Maternal Grandparent Characteristics | ||||||
| Lived with both parents at 16 | -0.00 (0.03) | -0.00 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.04) | -0.07* (0.04) | 0.02 (0.04) | 0.00 (0.04) |
| AFDC growing up | -0.05 (0.05) | -0.06 (0.05) | 0.01 (0.04) | 0.03 (0.04) | -0.01 (0.06) | 0.04 (0.06) |
| Grandmother depression | 0.03 (0.05) | 0.01 (0.05) | -0.03 (0.06) | 0.19** (0.06) | 0.20** (0.06) | -0.09 (0.06) |
| Grandfather depression | 0.10 (0.09) | 0.05 (0.07) | 0.07 (0.07) | 0.03 (0.08) | 0.04 (0.12) | 0.07 (0.09) |
| Grandmother's Education | ||||||
| Less than HS | -0.10* (0.05) | -0.08 (0.05) | -0.13* (0.05) | -0.02 (0.06) | -0.11+ (0.06) | -0.03 (0.06) |
| High school | -0.05 (0.06) | -0.01 (0.05) | -0.04 (0.04) | -0.02 (0.06) | -0.09 (0.05) | -0.03 (0.05) |
| Some college | -0.07 (0.06) | 0.00 (0.05) | -0.02 (0.04) | -0.09 (0.06) | -0.02 (0.05) | 0.03 (0.05) |
| Constant | -5.35*** (0.46) | -5.18*** (0.46) | -2.14*** (0.38) | 0.97* (0.46) | -0.17 (0.54) | -0.90+ (0.52) |
| Observations | 6550 | 6550 | 6550 | 6550 | 6550 | 6550 |
Note: Standard errors in parentheses. Analyses are weighted using WKR0. N's are unweighted and rounded to the nearest 50. Omitted categories are: 35+ age, other race/ethnicity, two or more relationship transitions, never poor, less than high school, no siblings, no residential moves, northeast, grandmother college + education. Not shown are the results for residential stability, urban residence, region of the country and grandmother's education as few associations were significant. WIC=Women, Infants and Children, AFDC=Aid to Needy Families with Dependent Children.
***
p<0.001,
**
p<0.01,
*
p<0.05,
+
p<0.10