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VapC/VapB toxin-antitoxin (TA) system confers plasmid stability in E. coli. E. coli K-12 BW25113 harboring plasmids pCA24N and pCA24N-vapB-vapC were used for the plasmid stability assay. Overnight cultures were diluted 100-fold in LB medium without any antibiotics, then incubated at 37 °C for 12 h. This process was repeated every 12 h for seven days. Three independent cultures were conducted, and the data are shown as means ± standard deviations.
